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"Solar photovoltaic"
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The physics of solar cells : perovskites, organics, and photovoltaic fundamentals
\"Energy devices with solar cells and batteries are crucial in the drive to obtain a carbon-free energy economy. Funding and commercial applications are focused on developing new materials and devices that perform required energy conversion and storage processes with high efficiency, adequate capabilities, and low production costs. This book provides an accessible summary and introduction of the main physicochemical principles that govern solar cells, perovskites, and organic materials. Recent rapid advances in the science and technology of solar cells with the discovery of perovskite solar cells and their development to a highly efficient semiconductor solar cell are highlighted\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
City-level analysis of subsidy-free solar photovoltaic electricity price, profits and grid parity in China
In recent years, China has become not just a large producer but a major market for solar photovoltaics (PV), increasing interest in solar electricity prices in China. The cost of solar PV electricity generation is affected by many local factors, making it a challenge to understand whether China has reached the threshold at which a grid-connected solar PV system supplies electricity to the end user at the same price as grid-supplied power or the price of desulfurized coal electricity, or even lower. Here, we analyse the net costs and net profits associated with building and operating a distributed solar PV project over its lifetime, taking into consideration total project investments, electricity outputs and trading prices in 344 prefecture-level Chinese cities. We reveal that all of these cities can achieve—without subsidies—solar PV electricity prices lower than grid-supplied prices, and around 22% of the cities’ solar generation electricity prices can compete with desulfurized coal benchmark electricity prices.
Although solar photovoltaic use grows rapidly in China, comparison with grid prices is difficult as photovoltaic electricity prices depend on local factors. Using prefecture-level data, Yan et al. find that 100% of user-side systems can achieve grid parity, while 22% can produce electricity cheaper than coal-based power plants.
Journal Article
All-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells with high efficiency
A solution-processable inorganic semiconductor is reported that can replace the liquid electrolyte of dye-sensitized solar cells, yielding all-solid-state solar cells with impressive energy conversion efficiencies.
Solid progress for dye-sensitized solar cells
The efficiency and low cost of dye-sensitized solar cells based on titanium dioxide make them attractive for renewable-energy applications, but the use of organic electrolytes in the device structures renders them susceptible to leakage and corrosion. Mercouri Kanatzidis and colleagues have now identified a solution-processable inorganic semiconductor consisting of CsSnI
3-
x
F
x
compounds that can replace the liquid electrolyte, yielding all-solid-state solar cells with impressive energy-conversion efficiencies, especially in the red region of the spectrum, where they outperform conventional dye-sensitized solar cells. These new compounds consist of inexpensive, Earth-abundant elements and can be processed at room temperature. With further optimization and improved dyes, much higher efficiencies should be achievable.
Dye-sensitized solar cells based on titanium dioxide (TiO
2
) are promising low-cost alternatives to conventional solid-state photovoltaic devices based on materials such as Si, CdTe and CuIn
1−
x
Ga
x
Se
2
(refs
1
,
2
). Despite offering relatively high conversion efficiencies for solar energy, typical dye-sensitized solar cells suffer from durability problems that result from their use of organic liquid electrolytes containing the iodide/tri-iodide redox couple, which causes serious problems such as electrode corrosion and electrolyte leakage
3
. Replacements for iodine-based liquid electrolytes have been extensively studied, but the efficiencies of the resulting devices remain low
3
,
4
,
5
,
6
,
7
,
8
,
9
. Here we show that the solution-processable p-type direct bandgap semiconductor CsSnI
3
can be used for hole conduction in lieu of a liquid electrolyte. The resulting solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells consist of CsSnI
2.95
F
0.05
doped with SnF
2
, nanoporous TiO
2
and the dye N719, and show conversion efficiencies of up to 10.2 per cent (8.51 per cent with a mask). With a bandgap of 1.3 electronvolts, CsSnI
3
enhances visible light absorption on the red side of the spectrum to outperform the typical dye-sensitized solar cells in this spectral region.
Journal Article
Lead-free solid-state organic–inorganic halide perovskite solar cells
Lead-free solution-processed solid-state photovoltaic devices based on methylammonium tin iodide (CH
3
NH
3
SnI
3
) perovskite semiconductor as the light harvester are reported. Featuring an optical bandgap of 1.3 eV, the CH
3
NH
3
SnI
3
perovskite material can be incorporated into devices with the organic hole-transport layer spiro-OMeTAD and show an absorption onset at 950 nm, which is significantly redshifted compared with the benchmark CH
3
NH
3
PbI
3
counterpart (1.55 eV). Bandgap engineering was implemented by chemical substitution in the form of CH
3
NH
3
SnI
3–
x
Br
x
solid solutions, which can be controllably tuned to cover much of the visible spectrum, thus enabling the realization of lead-free solar cells with an initial power conversion efficiency of 5.73% under simulated full sunlight. Further efficiency enhancements are expected following optimization and a better fundamental understanding of the internal electron dynamics and corresponding interfacial engineering. The reported CH
3
NH
3
SnI
3–
x
Br
x
perovskite solar cells represent a step towards the realization of low-cost, environmentally friendly solid-state solar cells.
Perovskite solar cells containing tin rather than lead, which is usually employed, are reported. These cells have a power conversion efficiency of 5.7% and retain 80% of their performance over a period of 12 hours.
Journal Article
Low-cost solar electric power
This work describes recent breakthroughs that promise major cost reductions in solar energy production in a clear and highly accessible manner. The author addresses the three key areas that have commonly resulted in criticism of solar energy in the past: cost, availability, and variability.
Book
Peak External Photocurrent Quantum Efficiency Exceeding 100% via MEG in a Quantum Dot Solar Cell
Multiple exciton generation (MEG) is a process that can occur in semiconductor nanocrystals, or quantum dots (QDs), whereby absorption of a photon bearing at least twice the bandgap energy produces two or more electron-hole pairs. Here, we report on photocurrent enhancement arising from MEG in lead selenide (PbSe) QD-based solar cells, as manifested by an external quantum efficiency (the spectrally resolved ratio of collected charge carriers to incident photons) that peaked at 114 ± 1% in the best device measured. The associated internal quantum efficiency (corrected for reflection and absorption losses) was 130%. We compare our results with transient absorption measurements of MEG in isolated PbSe QDs and find reasonable agreement. Our findings demonstrate that MEG charge carriers can be collected in suitably designed QD solar cells, providing ample incentive to better understand MEG within isolated and coupled QDs as a research path to enhancing the efficiency of solar light harvesting technologies.
Journal Article
Photovoltaic science and technology
\"Discusses the principles of operation of photovoltaic devices, their limitations, choice of materials and maximum efficiencies\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Large-area luminescent solar concentrators based on ‘Stokes-shift-engineered’ nanocrystals in a mass-polymerized PMMA matrix
Luminescent solar concentrators are cost-effective complements to semiconductor photovoltaics that can boost the output of solar cells and allow for the integration of photovoltaic-active architectural elements into buildings (for example, photovoltaic windows). Colloidal quantum dots are attractive for use in luminescent solar concentrators, but their small Stokes shift results in reabsorption losses that hinder the realization of large-area devices. Here, we use ‘Stokes-shift-engineered’ CdSe/CdS quantum dots with giant shells (giant quantum dots) to realize luminescent solar concentrators without reabsorption losses for device dimensions up to tens of centimetres. Monte-Carlo simulations show a 100-fold increase in efficiency using giant quantum dots compared with core-only nanocrystals. We demonstrate the feasibility of this approach by using high-optical-quality quantum dot–polymethylmethacrylate nanocomposites fabricated using a modified industrial method that preserves the light-emitting properties of giant quantum dots upon incorporation into the polymer. Study of these luminescent solar concentrators yields optical efficiencies >10% and an effective concentration factor of 4.4. These results demonstrate the significant promise of Stokes-shift-engineered quantum dots for large-area luminescent solar concentrators.
Stokes-shift-engineered CdSe/CdS quantum dots are used to fabricate luminescent solar concentrators that are tens of centimetres long and do not exhibit reabsorption losses. With efficiencies of over 10% and an effective concentration factor of 4.4, they demonstrate the potential of using Stokes-shift-engineered quantum dots in large-area luminescent solar concentrators.
Journal Article