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Given our poor understanding on mechanisms of stratospheric intrusions (SI) upon near‐surface ozone (O3) surges, predicting the SI‐induced O3 pollution pose inherent difficulties. Taking a wintertime O3 surge episode over the Sichuan Basin (SCB) as an example, we find SI contribute 47.8% to near‐surface O3 levels and reveal the underlying mechanisms. Tropopause folding nearly extends to the deep atmospheric boundary layer over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) due to topographic forcing, driving stratospheric O3 penetration into the TP's near‐surface. The intruded O3 is subsequently transported into the downstream SCB by strong downdrafts along the TP's leeward slope. Interestingly, the mountain‐plains solenoid between the TP and the SCB strengthens the downward intrusions of O3 during both daytime and nighttime, further amplifying the contribution of SI to the SCB's near‐surface O3 levels. This unique mechanism of O3 surges could provide new insights for the forecast of unexpected nocturnal high‐O3 episodes.

Convection-permitting numerical experiments using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model are performed to examine the diurnal cycles of land and sea breeze and its related precipitation over the south China coastal region during the mei-yu season. The focus of the analyses is a 10-day simulation initialized with the average of the 0000 UTC gridded global analyses during the 2007–09 mei-yu seasons (11 May–24 June) with diurnally varying cyclic lateral boundary conditions. Despite differences in the rainfall intensity and locations, the simulation verified well against averages of 3-yr ground-based radar, surface, and CMORPH observations and successfully simulated the diurnal variation and propagation of rainfall associated with the land and sea breeze over the south China coastal region. The nocturnal offshore rainfall in this region is found to be induced by the convergence line between the prevailing low-level monsoonal wind and the land breeze. Inhomogeneity of rainfall intensity can be found along the coastline, with heavier rainfall occurring in the region with coastal orography. In the night, the mountain–plain solenoid produced by the coastal terrain can combine with the land breeze to enhance offshore convergence. In the daytime, rainfall propagates inland with the inland penetration of the sea breeze, which can be slowed by the coastal mountains. The cold pool dynamics also plays an essential role in the inland penetration of precipitation and the sea breeze. Dynamic lifting produced by the sea-breeze front is strong enough to produce precipitation, while the intensity of precipitation can be dramatically increased with the latent heating effect.

In July 2012, the ATLAS and CMS collaborations at the CERN Large Hadron Collider announced the observation of a Higgs boson at a mass of around 125 gigaelectronvolts. Ten years later, and with the data corresponding to the production of a 30-times larger number of Higgs bosons, we have learnt much more about the properties of the Higgs boson. The CMS experiment has observed the Higgs boson in numerous fermionic and bosonic decay channels, established its spin–parity quantum numbers, determined its mass and measured its production cross-sections in various modes. Here the CMS Collaboration reports the most up-to-date combination of results on the properties of the Higgs boson, including the most stringent limit on the cross-section for the production of a pair of Higgs bosons, on the basis of data from proton–proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 teraelectronvolts. Within the uncertainties, all these observations are compatible with the predictions of the standard model of elementary particle physics. Much evidence points to the fact that the standard model is a low-energy approximation of a more comprehensive theory. Several of the standard model issues originate in the sector of Higgs boson physics. An order of magnitude larger number of Higgs bosons, expected to be examined over the next 15 years, will help deepen our understanding of this crucial sector. The most up-to-date combination of results on the properties of the Higgs boson is reported, which indicate that its properties are consistent with the standard model predictions, within the precision achieved to date.

To observe entanglement at the LHC, physicists working on the ATLAS detector analysed about one million pairs of top and anti-top quarks - the heaviest of all known fundamental particles and their antimatter counterparts. [...]both experiments easily met the -1/3 entanglement limit, with ATLAS measuring/) to be -0.537 and CMS measuring -0.480. Topping off The success in observing entanglement in top quarks could improve researchers' understanding of top-quark physics and pave the way for future high-energy tests of entanglement.

A feasibility study of two-neutron transfer reactions, using 12 C and 19 F targets, was performed. In this experiment, a 6 He beam at 20 MeV incident energy was delivered by the RIBRAS facility. The main goal of this work was to test the RIBRAS system, operated in a single-solenoid mode, to investigate ( 6 He, α ) reactions in light nuclei. The excitation function of the 14 C nucleus, populated by the 12 C( 6 He, α ) reaction, was extracted from the data. Evidence of nn -transfer reactions populating the ground state and the first 0 1 + state in 14 C were observed. However, the present spectrum might have contribution from other reaction channels such as the 6 He breakup. Future experiments with the RIBRAS dual-solenoid mode will improve the quality of the data by reducing a significant amount of background.

Wieler has shown that every irreducible Smale space with totally disconnected stable sets is a solenoid (i.e., obtained via a stationary inverse limit construction). Using her construction, we show that the associated stable$C^{\\ast }$-algebra is the stationary inductive limit of a$C^{\\ast }$-stable Fell algebra that has a compact spectrum and trivial Dixmier–Douady invariant. This result applies in particular to Williams solenoids along with other examples. Beyond the structural implications of this inductive limit, one can use this result to, in principle, compute the$K$-theory of the stable$C^{\\ast }$-algebra. A specific one-dimensional Smale space (the$aab/ab$-solenoid) is considered as an illustrative running example throughout.

The measurement of the luminosity recorded by the CMS detector installed at LHC interaction point 5, using proton–proton collisions at s=13TeV in 2015 and 2016, is reported. The absolute luminosity scale is measured for individual bunch crossings using beam-separation scans (the van der Meer method), with a relative precision of 1.3 and 1.0% in 2015 and 2016, respectively. The dominant sources of uncertainty are related to residual differences between the measured beam positions and the ones provided by the operational settings of the LHC magnets, the factorizability of the proton bunch spatial density functions in the coordinates transverse to the beam direction, and the modeling of the effect of electromagnetic interactions among protons in the colliding bunches. When applying the van der Meer calibration to the entire run periods, the integrated luminosities when CMS was fully operational are 2.27 and 36.3 fb-1 in 2015 and 2016, with a relative precision of 1.6 and 1.2%, respectively. These are among the most precise luminosity measurements at bunched-beam hadron colliders.

The standard model of particle physics 1 – 4 describes the known fundamental particles and forces that make up our Universe, with the exception of gravity. One of the central features of the standard model is a field that permeates all of space and interacts with fundamental particles 5 – 9 . The quantum excitation of this field, known as the Higgs field, manifests itself as the Higgs boson, the only fundamental particle with no spin. In 2012, a particle with properties consistent with the Higgs boson of the standard model was observed by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN 10 , 11 . Since then, more than 30 times as many Higgs bosons have been recorded by the ATLAS experiment, enabling much more precise measurements and new tests of the theory. Here, on the basis of this larger dataset, we combine an unprecedented number of production and decay processes of the Higgs boson to scrutinize its interactions with elementary particles. Interactions with gluons, photons, and W and Z bosons—the carriers of the strong, electromagnetic and weak forces—are studied in detail. Interactions with three third-generation matter particles (bottom ( b ) and top ( t ) quarks, and tau leptons ( τ )) are well measured and indications of interactions with a second-generation particle (muons, μ ) are emerging. These tests reveal that the Higgs boson discovered ten years ago is remarkably consistent with the predictions of the theory and provide stringent constraints on many models of new phenomena beyond the standard model. Ten years after the discovery of the Higgs boson, the ATLAS  experiment at CERN probes its kinematic properties with a significantly larger dataset from 2015–2018 and provides further insights on its interaction with other known particles.

The nuclear modification factors of J/ψ and ψ(2S) mesons are measured in PbPb collisions at a centre-of-mass energy per nucleon pair of sNN=5.02TeV. The analysis is based on PbPb and pp data samples collected by CMS at the LHC in 2015, corresponding to integrated luminosities of 464μb-1 and 28pb-1, respectively. The measurements are performed in the dimuon rapidity range of |y|<2.4 as a function of centrality, rapidity, and transverse momentum (pT ) from pT=3GeV/c in the most forward region and up to 50GeV/c. Both prompt and nonprompt (coming from b hadron decays) J/ψ mesons are observed to be increasingly suppressed with centrality, with a magnitude similar to the one observed at sNN=2.76TeV for the two J/ψ meson components. No dependence on rapidity is observed for either prompt or nonprompt J/ψ mesons. An indication of a lower prompt J/ψ meson suppression at pT>25GeV/c is seen with respect to that observed at intermediate pT. The prompt ψ(2S) meson yield is found to be more suppressed than that of the prompt J/ψ mesons in the entire pT range.

A Weyl semimetal wire with an axial magnetization has metallic surface states (Fermi arcs) winding along its perimeter, connecting bulk Weyl cones of opposite topological charge (Berry curvature). We investigate what happens to this 'Weyl solenoid' if the wire is covered with a superconductor, by determining the dispersion relation of the surface modes propagating along the wire. Coupling to the superconductor breaks up the Fermi arc into a pair of Majorana modes, separated by an energy gap. Upon variation of the coupling strength along the wire there is a gap inversion that traps the Majorana fermions.