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Despite its rapid development, Physics-Informed Neural Network (PINN)-based computational solid mechanics is still in its infancy. In PINN, the loss function plays a critical role that significantly influences the performance of the predictions. In this paper, by using the Least Squares Weighted Residual (LSWR) method, we proposed a modified loss function, namely the LSWR loss function, which is tailored to a dimensionless form with only one manually determined parameter. Based on the LSWR loss function, an advanced PINN technique is developed for computational 2D and 3D solid mechanics. The performance of the proposed PINN technique with the LSWR loss function is tested through 2D and 3D (geometrically nonlinear) problems. Thoroughly studies and comparisons are conducted between the two existing loss functions, the energy-based loss function and the collocation loss function, and the proposed LSWR loss function. Through numerical experiments, we show that the PINN based on the LSWR loss function is effective, robust, and accurate for predicting both the displacement and stress fields. The source codes for the numerical examples in this work are available at https://github.com/JinshuaiBai/LSWR_loss_function_PINN/ .

A Practical Approach to Corporate Networks Engineering is dedicated to corporate network design and engineering, covering the different levels of network design and deployment. The main theoretical concepts are explained and the different functioning mechanisms are illustrated with practical experiments. Using an open source network simulator that is able to emulate real network equipment and run concrete network scenarios (Graphical Network Simulator), the authors present several realistic network scenarios that illustrate the different network protocols and mechanisms and can be easily replicated by readers at home. Readers will be able to configure the different network equipments, run the scenarios and capture traffic at the different network links on their own, ordinary PC, acquiring a deep knowledge of the underlying network protocols and mechanisms.This interactive and practical teaching approach is very motivating and effective, since students can easily follow the explanations that are given throughout the book, making this work a valuable addition to the existing literature.

Green Energy is increasingly becoming an important component for all individuals and governments of the world. According to Brundtland Commission Report (Our Common Future, 1987) of United Nations states: sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Green Energy is widely considered as Sustainable Energy/ Re-newable Energy which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs. In the global movement of Green Energy Sustainable Renewable Energy, most of the countries decided to be a part of this movement of saving our planet and our future generation. This effort is supported by eleven international authors who are experts in their respective fields. The output is this book Green Energy. This book is comprises of six chapters.The first chapter discusses how global temperature can be controlled with the help of technology. Second chapter explains about green buildings. It explains about costs and benefits of green houses. Third chapter discusses about biofuels. Fourth chapter discusses about technical feasibility of Renewable Electricity Generation in Nunavut. Fifth chapter presents a summary of 15 years of grass root project experience in Partnership with impoverished, remote high altitude communities in the Nepal Himalayas. Sixth chapter argues that, contrary to popular belief, sustainable sources, in particular solar power, are capable of providing allthe energy the Europe needs at reasonable cost.

The research presented in Aspects of Kolmogorov Complexity addresses the fundamental standard of defining randomness as measured by a Martin-Lof level of randomness as found in random sequential binary strings. A classical study of statistics that addresses both a fundamental standard of statistics as well as an applied measure for statistical communication theory. The research points to compression levels in a random state that are greater than is found in current literature. A historical overview of the field of Kolmogorov Complexity and Algorithmic Information Theory, a subfield of Information Theory, is given as well as examples using a radix 3, radix 4, and radix 5 base numbers for both random and non-random sequential strings. The text also examines monochromatic and chromatic symbols and both theoretical and applied aspects of data compression as they relate to the transmission and storage of information. The appendix contains papers on the subject given at conferences and the references are current.ContentsTechnical topics addressed in Aspects of Kolmogorov Complexity include: Statistical Communication Theory Algorithmic Information Theory Kolmogorov Complexity Martin-Lof Randomness Compression, Transmission and Storage of Information

The subject is \"Virtual Roaming for data services\" and \"Seamless Technology change\" also called \"Number Continuity\".\"Virtual Roaming for voice and SMS\" was covered in one of the author's previous book. \"Virtual Roaming\" means that it allows a subscriber to visit a network which his home network does not have an agreement with. The \"Seamless Technology change\" allows a user to keep all his services including reception of calls and SMS sent to his usual number when he switches his GSM to a Satellite phone or to WiFi. The implementation of Seamless Technology change uses the SS7 Roaming Hub and GTP Hubs technology explained in the first part of the book. The book also contains chapters explaining in detail the steering and anti-steering of roaming, LTE Serving Mobile Location Centers, and Advanced Policy and Charging implementations in LTE and 3G. This is to be used as an easy reference book. All the relevant references to the standards are included chapter by chapter. This is the first book on the two main subjects of Virtual Data Roaming and Seamless Technology change. Keywords:Virtual Roaming, Number Continuity, Seamless technology change, Policy Charging and Control, LTE LBS, Steering of Roaming, GTP Hub, MMS Hub,RADIUS Hub, DIAMETER Hub

ICT is playing an increasingly important role in both business and individual's private life. It has increased international interconnectedness and speed up the process of globalization. But on the other side the total energy consumption by the communication and networking devices and the relevant global CO emission is increasing exponentially. ICT has, in many ways, a vital role to play. It accounts for about two percent of global CO emissions. Telecommunications applications can have a direct, tangible impact on lowering greenhouse gas emissions, power consumption, and achieve efficient recycling of equipment waste.This book is the outcome of the special session on Green Communications at 'The 12th International Symposium on Wireless Personal Multimedia Communications' (WPMC) held in September '09 in Sendai, Japan. To the best of the editors' knowledge this is the first book on the Green Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and can be considered a milestone and a key-tool aimed at driving the industrial, scientific and academic efforts of the international community to guarantee a greener future to the whole planet.Section I of the book Towards Green ICT provides the necessary background and technical content to understand the vision and the role of green communication packed with details of the technologies like Zigbee and RFID in turning the planet earth greener. Section II covers a number of paradigm-shifting technical approaches including energy-efficient deployment through optimizations in the planning of ICT networks, energy-efficient wireless transmission techniques, reduced transmission power educed radiation, cross-layer optimization methods, and opportunistic spectrum sharing without causing harmful interference pollution. Section III covers the application of Intelligent WiMAX (I-WiMAX), a green radio technique able to support new maritime communication services and ICT based Business models.The coverage of new and upcoming issues on Green ICT makes it a good choice for educators, industry practitioners, regulators, researchers and students.

The book aims to provide a broad overview of various topics of the Internet of Things (IoT) from the research and development priorities to enabling technologies, architecture, security, privacy, interoperability and industrial applications. It is intended to be a standalone book in a series that covers the Internet of Things activities of the IERC ? Internet of Things European Research Cluster from technology to international cooperation and the global \"state of play\". The book builds on the ideas put forward by the European research Cluster on the Internet of Things Strategic Research Agenda and presents global views and state of the art results on the challenges facing the research, development and deployment of IoT at the global level.Today we see the integration of Industrial, Business and Consumer Internet which is bringing together the Internet of People, Internet of Things, Internet of Energy, Internet of Vehicles, Internet of Media, Services and Enterprises in forming the backbone of the digital economy, the digital society and the foundation for the future knowledge and innovation based economy in supporting solutions for the emerging challenges of public health, aging population, environmental protection and climate change, the conservation of energy and scarce materials, enhancements to safety and security and the continuation and growth of economic prosperity.Penetration of smartphones and advances in machine to machine and wireless communication technology will be the main drivers for IoT development. The IoT contribution is in the increased value of information created by the number of interconnections among things and the transformation of the processed information into knowledge shared into the Internet of Everything. The connected devices are part of ecosystems connecting people, processes, data, and things which are communicating in the cloud using the increased storage and computing power and pushing for standardization of communication and metadata. In this context the next generation of the Cloud technologies will need to be flexible enough to scale autonomously, adaptive enough to handle constantly changing connections and resilient enough to stand up to the huge flows in data that will occur.For 2025 analysts forecast that there will be six devices per human on the planet, which means 50 billion more connected devices over the next 12 years. The Internet of Things market is connected to this devices growth from industrial machine to machine (M2M) systems, smart meters and wireless sensors.Enabling technologies such as nanoelectronics, MEMS, embedded systems, intelligent device management, smart phones, telematics, smart network infrastructure, cloud computing and software technologies will create new products, new services, new interfaces by creating smart environments and smart spaces with applications ranging from Smart Cities, smart transport, buildings, energy, grid, to smart health and life.Technical topics discussed in the book include: Introduction Internet of Things in a wider context: Time for convergence. Internet of Things Strategic Research Agenda Interconnection and Integration of the Physical World into the Digital World Scalable Architectures for IoT Applications IoT standardisation requirements and initiatives. Standardisation and Innovation. Service Openness and Interoperability Software define and virtualization of network resources Mobile devices enable IoT evolution fro m industrial applications to mass consumer applications Innovation through Interoperability and Standardisation when everything is connected anytime at anyplace Security, privacy, trust, safety, dependability: new challenges for IoT Internet of Things Industrial Applications

Future Internet Services and Service Architectures presents state-of-the-art results in services and service architectures based on designs for the future Internet and related emerging networks. The discussions include technology issues, key services, business models, and security. The work describes important trends and directions. Future Internet Services and Service Architectures is intended to provide readers with a comprehensive reference for the most current developments in the field. It offers broad coverage of important topics with twenty chapters covering both technology and applications written by international experts. The 20 chapters of Future Internet Services and Service Architectures are organized into the following five sections:- Future Internet Services -- This section contains four chapters which present recent proposals for a new architecture for the Internet, with service delivery in the Future Internet as the key focus. Peer-to-Peer Services -- Using the P2P network overlay as a service platform, five chapters explore the P2P architecture and its use for streaming services, communication services, and service discovery. Virtualization -- Virtualization and its benefits for resource management, supporting hetereogeneity, and isolation are the basis for five chapters which describe virtualization at the endpoint, in the cloud, and in the network. Event-Distribution -- Publish/Subscribe mechanisms are important for applications which require time-sensitive delivery of notifications. The two chapters in this section present recent developments in publish/subscribe load balancing and in sensor networks. VANETs - Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are a network technology which are designed for vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure connectivity for moving vehicles. The four chapters in this section provide an introduction to VANETs, routing, services and system architecture.Future Internet Services and Service Architectures is complemented by a separate volume, Advances in Next Generation Services and Service Architectures, which covers emerging services and service architectures, IPTV, context awareness, and security.

In the last two decades, the wireless arena has witnessed the emergence of an astonishing number of technologies which play a part in the definition of new wireless systems. Driven by the pressing capacity demand, the research community has developed several technological enablers. Fundamental technological building blocks that will be part of wireless systems in the near-future definitely include: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) modulation at the physical (PHY) layer, Multiple Input Multiple.Output (MIMO) systems, and a cross-layer (CL) stack design. While the benefits of OFDM have been recognized for several years, the real capacity improvement of MIMO antennae is still being debated today. As to the lastpoint, even if opportunities for CL have been pointed out for a long time, the impact on the actual legacy systems has not been noticeable, as investors are hesitant to implement the inherent design paradigm shift.Single and Cross-Layer MIMO Techniques for IMT-Advanced will present some advanced MIMO techniques where adaptivity, cross-layer approach, and MIMO antennae are analyzed together to show a deep impact on the sum-capacityachievable over the wireless link.The introduction presents the functional requirements for IMT-A candidate systems and the relation between IEEE802.16 and LTE wireless access networks. Then, in the first part, adaptive strategies are analyzedseparately at the PHY and Medium Access Control (MAC) layers. The second part presents an evolution of the previous approach, providing a cross-layer MIMO-ARQ protocol, where adaptive MIMO schemes, namely SpatialMultiplexing (SM) and STBC Alamouti, are used with ARQ protocol. A Multiple User (MU) network is served in DownLink (DL) with a Round Robin (RR) scheduler; the design is ready to include more advanced schedulers. The ARQstate machine at the MAC layer is aware of per-antenna ARQ. The interaction between the ARQ and the PHY layer, with a per-antenna ACK, allows resource exploitation to increase with per-antenna ACKs, shifting from MIMO Signal Processing Gain to MIMO Protocol Gain with no need for Channel State Information (CSI) feedback. The absence of CSI feedback at the PHY layer is an important characteristic of the proposedMIMO-ARQ cross-layer designs since MIMO CSI feedback (when feasible) drastically reduces the network efficiency.The added degrees of freedom offered by MIMO transmissions can make the difference if correctly exploited both at the physical and medium access layers, in particular for overcoming the problem of low MIMO channel ranks.The advantages of the paradigm shift from signal processing gain to protocol gain - together with the modifications to be applied at the classical protocol stack - are discussed in the final chapter.

During the last decade there was a shift from wireless and mobile communications technology, networks and applications towards integration of radio with other disciplines. Integration of navigation, sensing and services allow for entering new areas in which many requirements from individuals and organizations are satisfied.Potential applications are manifold. Developments for realizing these new application areas will cause a boost on new systems demonstrating the potentials of this integration approach.In this first book the fundamentals of this new approach on integrated communication, navigation, sensing and services (Conasense) will be elucidated. Furthermore, several applications illustrate some of the aims of Conasense. Two major areas have been selected1. Quality of life2. Intelligent Conasense architecturesTopics in the book on 'quality of life' include: Visionary plans on health, security, neurophysics, indoor and outdoor safeguarding: in all these areas new Conasense technology and systems are essential.Topics in the book on intelligent Conasense architectures concern: a framework describing novelties in Conasense technology needed to realize the aimed improve in 'quality of life'. Breakthroughs on full integration of space-based and terrestrial communication and navigation systems with advanced high resolution sensing of the local environment supplemented with geographical information at regionals, national and international scales.