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"Sonic hedgehog"
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Sonic and the tales of deception
Collects three stories about Sonic and his friends' attempt to save the world from various threats, primarily the evil genius Dr. Eggman.
BOOK
Pancreatic cancer microenvironment: a current dilemma
Pancreatic cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death in the United States and survival outcomes remain dismal despite significant advances in molecular diagnostics and therapeutics in clinical practice. The microenvironment of pancreatic cancer carries unique features with increased desmoplastic reaction and is infiltrated by regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells which negatively impact the effector immune cells. Current evidence suggests that stellate cell-induced hypovascular stroma may have direct effects on aggressive behavior of pancreatic cancer. Preclinical studies suggested improvement in drug delivery to cancer cells with stroma modifying agents. However these findings so far have not been confirmed in clinical trials. In this article, we elaborate current-state-of-the science of the pancreatic cancer microenvironment and its impact on molecular behavior of cancer cells, chemotherapy resistance and druggability of stroma elements in combination with other agents to enhance the efficacy of therapeutic approaches.
Journal Article
Sonic and the tales of terror
\"In three tales, the fastest hero alive encounters some of the spookiest threats Dr. Eggman has ever unleashed, including zombified friends, midnight transformations, and mischievous ghosts\"--Back cover.
Book
SHH Signaling as a Key Player in Endometrial Cancer: Unveiling the Correlation with Good Prognosis, Low Proliferation, and Anti-Tumor Immune Milieu
Endometrial Cancer (EC) is one of the most common gynecological malignancies. Despite its prevalence, molecular pathways, such as the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) pathway, have not been extensively studied in the context of EC. This study aims to explore the clinical implications of SHH expression in EC, potentially uncovering new insights into the disease’s pathogenesis and offering valuable insights for therapeutic strategies in EC. We utilized data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to divide the dataset into ‘High SHH’ and ‘Low SHH’ groups based on a gene signature score derived from SHH pathway-related genes. We explored the clinical and tumor characteristics of these groups, focusing on key cancer hallmarks, including stemness, proliferation, cytolytic activity, tumor micro-environment, and genomic instability. ‘High SHH’ tumors emerged as a distinct category with favorable clinical and molecular features. These tumors exhibited lower proliferation rates, reduced angiogenesis, and diminished genomic instability, indicating a controlled and less aggressive tumor growth pattern. Moreover, ‘High SHH’ tumors displayed lower stemness, highlighting a less invasive phenotype. The immune micro-environment in ‘High SHH’ tumors was enriched with immune cell types, such as macrophage M0, monocytes, B cells, CD8 T cells, CD4 T cells, follicular helper T cells, and natural killer cells. This immune enrichment, coupled with higher cytolytic activity, suggested an improved anti-tumor immune response. Our study sheds light on the clinical significance of Sonic signaling in EC. ‘High SHH’ tumors exhibit a unique molecular and clinical profile associated with favorable cancer hallmarks, lower grades, and better survival. These findings underscore the potential utility of SHH expression as a robust prognostic biomarker, offering valuable insights for tailored therapeutic strategies in EC. Understanding the SHH pathway’s role in EC contributes to our growing knowledge of this cancer and may pave the way for more effective treatment strategies in the future.
Journal Article
Sonic the hedgehog : the fate of Dr. Eggman
Following their last battle, Dr. Eggman's been mysteriously absent from Sonic's life. What shocking secret will Sonic discover when he learns the bad doctor's whereabouts? Plus, Sonic isn't the only one looking for Eggman--so's his old frenemy Shadow the Hedgehog! There are twists and turns in the course of this high-speed, action-packed mystery-adventure! But with a little help from his friends--including a new ally--Sonic's fast enough to overcome any obstacle! Collects issues #5-8 of the ongoing series.
Book
Antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects of electroacupuncture through sonic hedgehog–signaling pathway in a rat model of poststroke depression
Poststroke depression (PSD) is the most frequent psychological sequela after stroke. Electroacupuncture (EA) treatment is effective for PSD. The study aimed at clarifying the mechanisms of EA's antidepressant effects in a PSD rat model.
We used middle cerebral artery occlusion to establish the rat model of PSD. Tests of sucrose preference and locomotor activity were performed to examine depressive-like behaviors. We measured malondialdehyde, GSH, SOD, IL6, IL1β, TNFα, and 5HT with ELISA. The hippocampal Shh-signaling pathway was assessed by Western blot.
EA significantly decreased sucrose preference and locomotor activities of PSD rats, reduced IL6, TNFα, increased GSH, and upregulated 5HT, and also slightly reduced IL1β and malondialdehyde, all of which were measured with ELISA. The Shh-signaling pathway assessed by Western blotting was activated by EA. Those changes were inhibited by the Shh-pathway inhibitor cyclopamine.
EA effectively alleviated depressive-like behaviors in PSD by suppressing inflammation and oxidative stress through activation of the Shh-signaling pathway.
Journal Article
Sonic the Hedgehog : fallout!
\"The evil genius Dr. Eggman has been foiled--but the work of Sonic the Hedgehog isn't over yet! In the aftermath of the latest epic battle, rogue robots continue to attack small villages around the world. In order to defeat them, Sonic will need the help of his friends Tails, Knuckles, and Amy, along with some new and surprising allies.\"-- Back cover.
Book
Extracellular Vesicles as Therapeutic Tools in Cardiovascular Diseases
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including microvesicles (MVs) and exosomes, are small vesicles secreted from a wide variety of cells. Whereas MVs are particles released by the outward budding of the plasma membrane, exosomes are derived from endocytic compartments. Secretion of EVs can be enhanced by specific stimuli, and increased plasma circulating levels of EVs have been correlated with pathophysiological situations. MVs, already present in the blood of healthy individuals, are considerably elevated in several cardiovascular diseases associated with inflammation, suggesting that they can mediate deleterious effects such as endothelial dysfunction or thrombosis. Nonetheless, very recent studies also demonstrate that MVs may act as biological information vectors transferring proteins or genetic material to maintain cell homeostasis, favor cell repair, or even promote angiogenesis. Additionally, exosomes have also been shown to have pro-angiogenic and cardio-protective properties. These beneficial effects, therefore, reveal the potential therapeutical use of EVs in the field of cardiovascular medicine and regenerative therapy. In this review, we will provide an update of cellular processes modulated by EVs of specific interest in the treatment of cardiovascular pathologies. A special focus will be made on the morphogen sonic hedgehog (Shh) associated with EVs (EVs(Shh+)), which have been shown to mediate many pro-angiogenic effects. In addition to offer a potential source of cardiovascular markers, therapeutical potential of EVs reveal exciting opportunities to deliver specific agents by non-immunogenic means to cardiovascular system.
Journal Article
Sonic the Hedgehog. Volume 3, Battle for Angel Island
\"When Neo Metal Sonic--an evil robot with Sonic's speed, Dr. Eggman's intellect, and an unbreakable mechanical body--conquers the island to grow his power even more, Sonic and his friends must team-up and take the fight to him. But even with the full power of the Resistance behind him, will Sonic be able to take down Neo Metal Sonic once and for all?\"--Back cover.
Book
Loss-of-Function Variants in TBC1D32 Underlie Syndromic Hypopituitarism
Abstract
Context
Congenital pituitary hormone deficiencies with syndromic phenotypes and/or familial occurrence suggest genetic hypopituitarism; however, in many such patients the underlying molecular basis of the disease remains unknown.
Objective
To describe patients with syndromic hypopituitarism due to biallelic loss-of-function variants in TBC1D32, a gene implicated in Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling.
Setting
Referral center.
Patients
A Finnish family of 2 siblings with panhypopituitarism, absent anterior pituitary, and mild craniofacial dysmorphism, and a Pakistani family with a proband with growth hormone deficiency, anterior pituitary hypoplasia, and developmental delay.
Interventions
The patients were investigated by whole genome sequencing. Expression profiling of TBC1D32 in human fetal brain was performed through in situ hybridization. Stable and dynamic protein-protein interaction partners of TBC1D32 were investigated in HEK cells followed by mass spectrometry analyses.
Main Outcome Measures
Genetic and phenotypic features of patients with biallelic loss-of-function mutations in TBC1D32.
Results
The Finnish patients harboured compound heterozygous loss-of-function variants (c.1165_1166dup p.(Gln390Phefs*32) and c.2151del p.(Lys717Asnfs*29)) in TBC1D32; the Pakistani proband carried a known pathogenic homozygous TBC1D32 splice-site variant c.1372 + 1G > A p.(Arg411_Gly458del), as did a fetus with a cleft lip and partial intestinal malrotation from a terminated pregnancy within the same pedigree. TBC1D32 was expressed in the developing hypothalamus, Rathke’s pouch, and areas of the hindbrain. TBC1D32 interacted with proteins implicated in cilium assembly, Shh signaling, and brain development.
Conclusions
Biallelic TBC1D32 variants underlie syndromic hypopituitarism, and the underlying mechanism may be via disrupted Shh signaling.
Journal Article