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Innovative techniques, such as environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding, are now promoting broader biodiversity monitoring at unprecedented scales, because of the reduction in time, presumably lower cost, and methodological efficiency. Our goal was to assess the efficiency of established inventory techniques (live-trapping grids, pitfall traps, camera trapping, mist netting) as well as eDNA for detecting Amazonian mammals. For terrestrial small mammals, we used 32 live-trapping grids based on Sherman and Tomahawk traps (total effort of 10,368 trap-nights); in addition to 16 pitfall traps (1,408 trap-nights). For bats, we used mist nets at 8 sites (4,800 net hours). For medium and large mammals, we used 72 camera trap stations (5,208 camera-days). We identified vertebrate and mammal taxa based on eDNA analysis (12S region, with V05 and Mamm01 markers) from water samples, including a total of 11 3-km transects for stagnant water sampling and seven small streams for running water sampling. A total of 106 mammal species were recorded. Building on sample-based rarefaction and extrapolation curves, both trapping grids and pitfall were successful, recording 91.16% and 82.1% of the expected species for these techniques (~22 and ~9 species), and 16.98% and 6.60% of the total recorded mammal species, respectively. Mist nets recorded 83.2% of the expected bat species (~48), and 34.91% of the total recorded species. Camera trapping recorded 99.2% of the predicted large- and medium-sized species (~31), and 33.02% of the total recorded species. eDNA recorded 75.4% of the expected mammal species for this technique (~68), and 47.0% of the total recorded species. eDNA resulted in a useful tool that saves on effort and reduces sampling costs. This study is among the first to show the large potential of eDNA metabarcoding for assessing Amazonian mammal communities, providing, in combination with conventional techniques, a rapid overview of mammal diversity with broad applications to monitoring, management and conservation. By including appropriate genetic markers and updated reference databases, eDNA metabarcoding method can be extended to the whole vertebrate community.

As narrativas mitológicas dos povos originários dos afluentes da margem direita do médio rio Guaporé revelam uma íntima conexão entre relações de gênero e a diferença humano/animal/espírito.  Enfatizam, por um lado, as condições de possibilidade de uma sociedade composta por relações de sexo oposto, e por outro lado, a “antropofagia” praticada pelas mulheres. A partir da articulação com a etnografia cotidiana, em particular referente à produção e consumo de bebida fermentada, o artigo sugere que a antropofagia feminina, i.e., a identificação virtual das mulheres com as onças, é a condição para a diferença (atual) que separa os humanos dos não-humanos e os humanos entre si.

westernmargin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%justifyThe Brazilian endemic species Pyrrhura lucianii Deville, 1851, was found on private property in the municipality of Senador Guiomard in Acre State, Brazil. This is the first record of this parakeet species in the state, expanding its distribution in 219 km to the south of Pauini, the nearest location. The species was observed consuming salt, used as a cattle feed supplement.

We present the second documented record of the Rufous-fronted Antthrush Formicarius rufifrons Blake, 1957 in Brazil. The record was made in Ramal do Riozinho do Rola, 45 km north of Rio Branco municipality, Acre state. The recordings were deposited in the archives of Xeno-canto and Wikiaves. Our record represents a distribution extension of 247 km northeast of the closest known location.

Abstract The giant African land snail, Lissachatina fulica is considered to be one of the world's worst invader species. This snail can provoke major economic and public health problems in urban areas, in particular as a potential vector of nematodes that infect both humans and animals. In this context, the present study investigated the extent of the infestation of this exotic snail in the urban neighborhoods of the city of Rio Branco, verified the presence of endoparasites in these snails, and evaluated the knowledge of local residents with regard to the presence of this invader species. For this, daytime surveys were conducted between August 2015 and June 2016. For the analysis of endoparasites, 44 live specimens were sent to the National Reference Laboratory for Schistosomiasis-Malacology (LRNEM) of the Oswaldo Cruz Institute (FIOCRUZ). The knowledge of local residents in the infested neighborhoods was investigated using questionnaires with direct, closed questions. The exotic invader species (L. fulica) was detected in 24 of the 36 neighborhoods visited. A total of 858 L. fulica specimens were collected, of which, 329 were alive and 527 were dead. The total length of the shell ranged from 0.7 to 14.2 cm, with a mean±standard deviation of 4.8±2.21 cm. The density of snails in the areas surveyed varied from 0.34 individuals/m2 to 3.54 individuals/m2, while the mean density within the whole study area was estimated to be 0.54 individuals/m2. Mature eggs were found in only 9 (2.7%) of the 329 specimens dissected. The endoparasitological analysis revealed the presence of rhabditiform larvae in 84% of the specimens examined, as well as the nematodes Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (22.7% of the specimens) and Strongyluris sp. (2.2%). A total of 39 local residents were interviewed, and while all were conscious of the presence of the mollusk, none knew its origin or the most adequate way of dealing with it. The results of the study indicate an ample infestation of the city of Rio Branco by L. fulica, and confirmed a complete lack of intervention on the part of the local authorities for the implementation of measures foe the control and management of this pest within the urban zone of Rio Branco. Resumo Conhecido como caracol gigante africano a espécie Lissachatina fulica é considerada uma das piores espécies invasoras do mundo. Em áreas urbanas pode causar grandes problemas econômicos e para a saúde pública por ser um potencial vetor de nematódeos de interesse médico e veterinário. Desta forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivos averiguar a extensão da infestação do caracol exótico nos bairros da zona urbana da cidade de Rio Branco; verificar a presença de endoparasitos, bem como avaliar o conhecimento da população local em relação a presença desta espécie invasora. Para isso, foram realizadas coletas diurnas no período de agosto de 2015 a junho de 2016. Para verificar a presença de endoparasitos foram enviados 44 indivíduos vivos ao Laboratório de Referência Nacional para Esquistossomose-Malacologia (LRNEM) da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ). A avaliação do grau de conhecimento dos moradores dos bairros infestados deu-se pela utilização de questionários com perguntas fechadas e diretas. A espécie exótica e invasora (L. fulica) foi detectada em 24 dos 36 bairros visitados. Dos 858 indivíduos coletados, 329 estavam vivos e 527 mortos. O comprimento total das conchas variou de 0,7 a 14,2 cm com uma média±desvio padrão de 4,8±2,21 cm. A densidade de indivíduos nas áreas amostradas variou do mínimo de 0,34 ao máximo de 3,54 indivíduos/m2 enquanto que a densidade média de espécimes tendo como base a área total amostrada foi de 0,54 indivíduos/m2. Somente em 2,7% (9) dos 329 espécimes dissecados foram encontrados ovos maduros. A busca por endoparasitos revelou a presença larvas rabditiformes em 84% dos espécimes investigados além dos nematódeos Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (22,7%) e Strongyluris sp. (2,2%). Ao todo foram entrevistados 39 moradores, onde verificou-se que eles têm consciência da presença do molusco mas desconhecem sua origem e a forma de manejá-lo adequadamente. Nossos resultados apontam para uma ampla infestação da espécie L. fulica na cidade de Rio Branco e constata a total ausência do poder público no que diz respeito a implementação de medidas de controle e manejo desta praga nos limites da cidade.

The present work seeks to characterize the fish landings in the period pre and post-installation of the “Santo Antônio” hydroelectric and analyze its effects on the fishing dynamics in the Humaitá municipality, South Amazonas. The analysis considered two periods: Before the dam (BD) with data produced between 2009 and 2010; and after the dam (AD) with data produced between May 2018 and April 2019. Descriptive and non-parametrical statistics were performed to identify possible effects of the power plants on the fish assemblages. The results show that the installation of the hydropower plants negatively affected the capture dynamics of several fish species by changing the capture periods and spots previously recorded in the BD. In other words, several fishing grounds stopped being productive, leading fishermen to look for new and more distant fishing areas in different times of the year. Considering that this kind of investment, especially in the Amazon, is a trend, the expansion of refined fish monitoring programs to other regions is indispensable for determining future changes in the spatial/temporal gradients of captures, and how the socioeconomic and other socioenvironmental characteristics of the fishing activity are affected by this type of power project.

The Brazilian Extractive Reserve System has been promoted as a major federal strategy for forest conservation and development among traditional peoples. This paper explores the institutional and social dimensions of deforestation within the Chico Mendes Extractive Reserve (CMER). Using a common property framework, this study examines various factors often associated with successful commons management. Specifically, it looks at the impacts of household decisions/perceptions on deforestation. Methods include key informant interviews and household surveys. Results reveal that for successful resource management, a renewed collective group effort, vision, and open dialog between the reserve's residents, affiliated organizations, and local authorities is needed. O Sistema de Reservas Extrativistas Federais foi promovido como uma estratégia importante para a conservação florestal em conjunto com o desenvolvimento das populações tradicionais. Este artigo explora as dimensões institucionais e socais de desmatamento dentro de Reserva Extrativista Chico Mendes (CMER). Usando a teoria da propriedade comum dos recursos naturais, este estudo examina vários fatores freqüentemente associados com o sucesso na gestão de recursos comuns. Especificamente, examina os impactos de decisões/percepções dos membros das unidades domésticas sobre o desmatamento. Os métodos incluem o uso de entrevistas informantes-chaves e levantamentos com membros das unidades domésticas. Os resultados revelam que para o sucesso na gestão de recursos comuns, precisa-se de um esforço coletivo, uma visão renovado, e um diálogo aberto entre os residentes da reserva, as organizações filiadas, e as autoridades locais.

La deforestación y la fragmentación de los bosques son unas de las amenazas más importantes para la supervivencia de los murciélagos en el Perú. Sin embargo, se conoce muy poco sobre el impacto de estas en sitios o lugares por encima de los 500 m de altitud. En este estudio, considerando la escala de paisaje, analicé las respuestas de los murciélagos (Chiroptera) a la fragmentación en un paisaje perturbado en Pozuzo (Región Pasco). En ese sentido, considerando el rol de los murciélagos como indicadores de perturbación del hábitat, planteé dos hipótesis. Una primera predicción se refirió a que muestras de paisajes altamente fragmentados y con mayor cantidad de bordes presentarán una mayor abundancia de especies frugívoras que prosperan en hábitats perturbados (Stenodermatinae y Carollinae). La segunda predicción se refería a que muestras de paisaje con una mayor cobertura de bosque deberían tener una mayor abundancia de murciélagos del gremio animalívoro (Phyllostominae), ya que estos son sensibles a las perturbaciones y suelen ser más abundantes en bosques maduros y en buen estado de conservación. Encontré evidencia apoyando la predicción sobre el gremio animalívoro pero apoyo parcial para la predicción sobre los frugívoros. Se resalta la importancia de la conservación de los fragmentos de bosque para asegurar la supervivencia de los murciélagos y de los servicios que estos prestan, en especial para la regeneración del bosque en paisajes tropicales modificados por las actividades humanas.

Replacing natural vegetation with realistic tropical crops over the Amazon region in a global Earth system model impacts vertical transport of heat and moisture, modifying the interaction between the atmospheric boundary layer and the free atmosphere. Vertical velocity is decreased over a majority of the Amazon region, shifting the ascending branch and modifying the seasonality of the Hadley circulation over the Atlantic and eastern Pacific oceans. Using a simple model that relates circulation changes to heating anomalies and generalizing the upper-atmosphere temperature response to deforestation, agreement is found between the response in the fully-coupled model and the simple solution. These changes to the large-scale dynamics significantly impact precipitation in several remote regions, namely sub-Saharan Africa, Mexico, the southwestern United States and extratropical South America, suggesting non-local climate repercussions for large-scale land use changes in the tropics are possible.

Antitropicality is a distribution pattern where closely related taxa are separated by an intertropical latitudinal gap. Two potential examples include Brachidontes darwinianus (south eastern Brazil to Uruguay), considered by some authors as a synonym of B. exustus (Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean), and B. solisianus, distributed along the Brazilian coast with dubious records north of the intertropical zone. Using two nuclear (18S and 28S rDNA) and one mitochondrial gene (mtDNA COI), we aimed to elucidate the phylogeographic and phylogenetic relationships among the scorched mussels present in the warm‐temperate region of the southwest Atlantic. We evaluated a divergence process mediated by the tropical zone over alternative phylogeographic hypotheses. Brachidontes solisianus was closely related to B. exustus I, a species with which it exhibits an antitropical distribution. Their divergence time was approximately 2.6 Ma, consistent with the intensification of Amazon River flow. Brachidontes darwinianus, an estuarine species is shown here not to be related to this B. exustus complex. We suspect ancestral forms may have dispersed from the Caribbean to the Atlantic coast via the Trans‐Amazonian seaway (Miocene). The third species, B rodriguezii is presumed to have a long history in the region with related fossil forms going back to the Miocene. Although scorched mussels are very similar in appearance, their evolutionary histories are very different, involving major historical contingencies as the formation of the Amazon River, the Panama Isthmus, and the last marine transgression. The aim of the present study is to clarify the phylogenetic relationships and phylogeography of the small mussels (Brachidontes spp.) in the warm‐temperate southwestern Atlantic region. First, we tested the hypothesis of antitropical distribution (latitudinal distributions with a disruption of variable length centered on the tropics) in these species. Next we consider alternative phylogeographic hypotheses plausibly explaining the historical origin of the species. Third, we investigated the population demographic history of the species under study. Finally, we summarize the most representative patterns exhibited by the various species within this group of invertebrates in the Southwestern Atlantic.