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The present investigation aims to evaluate the feasibility of using Persea americana (Avocado) biodiesel in compression ignition engines. Persea americana bio-oil was extracted through a soxhlet extraction process using n-hexane solvent after careful pre-processing of the feedstocks. Since the Free Fatty Acid content was 1.78% estimated through titration, single stage base-catalyzed transesterification technique was adopted using methanol and sodium hydroxide as catalysts in the molar ratio of 1:6. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry analysis revealed the presence of Oleic acid in major proportions. The Fourier transform Infra-Red analysis confirmed the presence of carbonyl group ester ions between 722.19 cm-1 and 1460 cm-1. The 13C NMR and 1H NMR studies supported the successful transformation of triglycerides into Fatty Acid Methyl Esters with distinct peaks at 3.369 ppm and 48.147 ppm, respectively.

Extraction of lipids from biological tissues is a crucial step in lipid analysis. The selection of appropriate solvent is the most critical factor in the efficient extraction of lipids. A mixture of polar (to disrupt the protein-lipid complexes) and nonpolar (to dissolve the neutral lipids) solvents are precisely selected to extract lipids efficiently. In addition, the disintegration of complex and rigid cell-wall of plants, fungi, and microalgal cells by various mechanical, chemical, and enzymatic treatments facilitate the solvent penetration and extraction of lipids. This review discusses the chloroform/methanol-based classical lipid extraction methods and modern modifications of these methods in terms of using healthy and environmentally safe solvents and rapid single-step extraction. At the same time, some adaptations were made to recover the specific lipids. In addition, the high throughput lipid extraction methodologies used for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based plant and animal lipidomics were discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of various pretreatments and extraction methods were also illustrated. Moreover, the emerging green solvents-based lipid extraction method, including supercritical CO2 extraction (SCE), is also discussed.

Rosmarinus officinalis is a potent antioxidant herb rich in polyphenols. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography, coupled with electrospray ionization and quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS), enables an exhaustive, full-spectrum analysis of the molecular constituents of natural products. The study aimed to develop a rapid UHPLC method to contribute new insights into the phytochemical composition of rosemary and to assess the performance of nine different procedures for extraction. These include fresh tissue homogenization, fresh and dry leaf decoction, and their respective fermentation, Soxhlet extraction, and sonication using water and methanol. Different extraction methods were found to recover quite different groups of polyphenols within 11 min during 20 min of analysis. Soxhlet extraction, yielded very high concentrations of rosmarinic acid (33,491.33 ± 86.29 µg/g), luteolin-7-O-glucoside (209.95 ± 8.78 µg/g), carnosic acid (2915.40 ± 33.23 µg/g), carnosol (22,000.67 ± 77.39 µg/g), and ursolic acid (5144.27 ± 28.68 µg/g). UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS enabled the detection of more than 50 polyphenols, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and terpenoids in the various extracts. Of these, sagerinic acid ([M − H]−m/z 719.16), salvianolic acid A ([M − H]−m/z 493.11) and B ([M − H]−m/z 717.15), and a pentacyclic triterpenoid corosolic acid ([M − H]−m/z 471.34) were detected for the first time in rosemary. Soxhlet extraction was found to be the most efficient method, followed by dry leaf decoction. The UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS methodology for the analysis proved to be very efficient in the identification and characterization of targeted and untargeted bioactive molecules in the rosemary.

Response surface methodology (RSM) and a Box-Behnken design (BBD) were used to determine optimum conditions for ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. calyces. The current study applied BBD to explore the effects of X 1 : ultrasonic temperature (30–80 °C), X 2 : ultrasonic time (20–50 min.), and X 3 : solid-to-solvent ratio (1:10–1:60) on total anthocyanin content (TAC), total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant activities (2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays). ANOVA results revealed that TAC, TPC, DPPH, and FRAP all had R 2 values of 0.98, 0.97, 0.98, and 0.98, respectively, indicating that models designed with second-order polynomials were capable of reliably analyzing interactions between parameters (response and independent variables) satisfactorily. It was determined from the RSM study that 80 °C ultrasound temperature, 48 min. ultrasound time, and 1:60 solid-to-solvent ratio were the optimum extraction parameters for maximizing TAC, TPC, DPPH, and FRAP. The experimental values for TAC, TPC, DPPH, and FRAP were 311 ± 5 mg CGE/100 g, 572 ± 7 mg GAE/100 g, 974 ± 3 μmolTE/100 mL, and 2332 ± 3 μmolTE/100 mL, respectively, under the optimal conditions. Also, a good agreement was found between experimental and predicted values, with a residual standard error of less than 5%. Compared to the yield of Soxhlet extraction for TAC (176 ± 4 mg CGE/100 g), TPC (210 ± 3 mg GAE/100 g), DPPH (534 ± 2 μmolTE/100 mL), and FRAP (1732 ± 3 μmolTE/100 mL), the extraction efficacy of the UAE process under optimized conditions demonstrated to be more effective. Therefore, based on the needs of the industry and sustainable development, the UAE process might be an economical alternative to traditional extraction methods.

Background Terminalia ivorensis (TI) is used in West African ethnomedicine for the treatment of conditions including ulcers, malaria and wounds. Despite its widespread use, the phytochemical profile of TI remains largely undetermined. This research investigated the effects of extraction method, season, and storage conditions on the phytochemical composition of TI to contribute towards understanding the potential benefits. Methods TI bark was collected in September 2014, September 2018 and February 2018 during the rainy or dry seasons in Eastern Region, Ghana. Samples were extracted sequentially with organic solvents (petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and ethanol) or using water (traditional). Metabolites were identified by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry and compared statistically by ANOVA. Results A total of 82 different phytochemicals were identified across all samples. A greater yield of the major phytochemicals (44%, p < 0.05) was obtained by water as compared with organic extraction. There was also a higher concentration of metabolites present in cold (63%, p < 0.05) compared with hot water extraction. A significantly (p < 0.05) higher number of phytochemicals were identified from TI collected in the dry (85%) compared to the rainy season (69%). TI bark stored for four years retained 84% of the major phytochemicals. Conclusion This work provides important information on composition and how this is modified by growing conditions, storage and method of extraction informing progress on the development of TI as a prophylactic formulation or medicine.

In the quest for new medicines, the methanolic, hexanic, and aqueous extracts of Adiantum caudatum leaves, obtained by Soxhlet extraction, were analyzed for phenolic and flavonoid contents, and antioxidant and antimicrobial potential. TPCs (total phenolic content) of the methanolic, aqueous and hexanic extracts were 27.7, 21.1, and 16.7 μg of gallic acid equivalents per mL, respectively, while TFCs (total flavonoid content) were 13.2, 11.6, and 10.0 μg of rutin equivalents per mL, respectively. Antioxidant activities of the extracts in reducing power, FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power), phosphomolybdate and ABTS assays follow the same order of methanolic ˃ aqueous ˃ hexanic. In the DPPH assay, however, the aqueous extract exhibited a slightly higher antioxidant activity than the methanolic one. Methanol is therefore a better solvent to extract most of the antioxidant components from A. caudatum leaves. In lipid peroxidation inhibitory assay, the extracts showed almost similar behavior and their activity decreased gradually with time. The aqueous extract was the strongest inhibitor after two days, but the hexanic became the most potent after about three days. The antibacterial potential of the extracts was determined against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Towards all the microbes, the aqueous extract was the most potent and the hexanic the least. P. aeruginosa was the most susceptible strain, while the aqueous and methanolic extracts exhibited a slightly higher efficacy against this pathogen than the drug amoxicillin. In conclusion, A. caudatum can potentially provide a remedy against disorders caused by oxidative stress and infections.

This study aimed to determine the optimal drying, grinding, and extraction conditions for red sweet pepper, garlic, parsley, and celery to obtain concentrated extracts rich in bioactive compounds. Drying was performed using infrared ovens (FD-48 and Basic Station 3) at 30, 45, and 55 °C. The optimal temperature was 45 °C, ensuring effective moisture removal while preserving functional components. Grinding efficiency was compared between an IKA A 11 Basic analytical mill and a Pulverisette 0 vibratory micromill; the analytical mill demonstrated superior performance and processing speed. Soxhlet extraction with 96% ethanol enabled the preservation of flavor, aroma, and functional properties of the extracts. The influence of the herbal extract mixture on the organoleptic, physicochemical, and microbiological characteristics of culinary products was evaluated. For sauces, the optimal extract concentration was 5%, providing balanced taste, pleasant aroma, stable consistency, and intense color. Physicochemical analysis showed increases in protein (3.24–3.68%), ash (2.52–2.68%), dry matter (25.27–26.94%), and pH (4.11–4.24). Microbiological indicators (TAMC—3.0 × 102 CFU/g; molds—21 CFU/g; yeasts—9 CFU/g) complied with regulatory standards. For meat products (meatballs and pies), the optimal extract composition (garlic 30%, red pepper 25%, parsley 25%, celery 20%) was applied at 0.3–0.7% of meat mass. Sensory evaluation identified 0.5% as optimal. The developed technology enables the production of functional food additives rich in protein, antioxidants, and flavonoids and is suitable for industrial implementation.

Background: The plant extracts are used as medicine either based upon nature of compounds present or their solubility in various chemicals. The leaves of Amaranthus caudatus are used from ancient days by tribal people to cure lung diseases, liver diseases, renal diseases, stomach ulcers and haemorrhoids. Previous studies were conducted with solvents like methanol and ethanol. Both these solvents revealed many phytocompounds which has therapeutic values. The analysis repoted still left incomplete, hence complete knowledge of all compounds extracted with other common solvents are essential to get whole idea. Aim: To gain the knowledge about the different chemicals present in the aqueous, ethyl acetate and hexane leaf extract of Amaranthus caudatus. Material And Methods: The combination of Gas Chromatography GC-2010 and QP-2020 SHIMADZU Japan corporation analyzers with different solvent mixture were used to encounter the list of bioactive phytochemicals. NIST 20 M library were used to match the available phytochemicals with their corresponding details. Results: The hot aqueous extraction was revealed the presence of 61 phytochemicals with Cis 11 ecosinamide, 1Heptanol, 1,2-Diphenyl ethane, Hexadecenoic acid, Cis Sinapyl alcohol, Undecane were some of the major components seen. The Ethyl acetate extraction was confirmed 60 phytocomponents with Dl alpha tocopherol, Trihydrocholanic acid, Eicosane, Tetradecane were the major compounds seen during the extraction while Hexane extraction method was revealed the presence of 47 compounds with Squalene, Octacosane 2 Methyl, Heneicosane, 2 Methyl tetracosane as the major components. Conclusion: Aqueous extraction was revealed cis 11 Eicosenamide and Ethyl acetate extract was revealed dl alpha tocopherol while the Hexane extraction detected Squalene in the highest peaks. Cis 11 Ecosenamide is well known anticancer agent, Dl Alpha tocopherol is form of vitamin E used for sterility related problems and squalene protect the skin damages as well as loaded with anti-inflammatory properties. Most of the components in aqueous extract had anti-inflammatory properties. Ethyl acetate extract had antimicrobial properties while the hexane extract had mixed responses with antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory functions.

Tire wear particles (TWPs) are among the most relevant sources of microplastic pollution of the environment. Nevertheless, common analytical methods like IR and Raman spectroscopy are highly impaired by additives and filler materials, leaving only thermogravimetric methods for chemical analysis of TWPs in most cases. We herein present quantitative NMR spectroscopy (qNMR) as an alternative tool for the quantification of the polymeric material used for the production of tires, including natural rubber (NR), styrene–butadiene–copolymer (SBR), polyethylene–co-propylene (EPR) and polybutadiene (BR). Limits of quantification (LOQ) between 3 µg and 43 µg per sample and recovery rates of 72–92% were achieved for all tested polymer types. The first results of combining these measurements with Soxhlet extraction as a sample preparation tool are presented alongside the qNMR experiments.

Spent automobile catalysts can be an important source of platinum for industry applications. Low-cost and simple technologies for platinum recovery from this source are sought, especially involving the application of green adsorbents. Honeycomb biowaste can be an excellent candidate for this purpose; n-hexane-treated honeycomb biowaste is therefore obtained for the first time. This material is characterized using several instrumental techniques, confirming the presence of O, N, and P heteroatoms on its surface and the complex morphology of its particles. The maximum static Pt(II)/Pt(IV) adsorption (46 mg/g and 60 mg/g, respectively) onto the n-hexane-extracted honeycomb biomass is reached at pH = 1.55 and a contact time of 50 h. The adsorption kinetics are best fitted to the pseudo-second-order model in both cases. The Langmuir model best described the Pt(II)/Pt(IV) adsorption isotherms on the studied material. Quantitative desorption of the Pt from the studied material is reached for 1 mol/L thiourea dissolved in HCl. The adsorption mechanism of Pt(IV) ions onto the obtained material is based mainly on the surface complexation reactions. The studied material is successfully applied for the first time for Pt(IV) removal from a spent automobile catalyst leachate.