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Asteroids
A unique, wide-ranging examination of asteroid exploration
and our future in space Human travel into space is an
enormously expensive and unforgiving endeavor. So why go? In this
accessible and authoritative book, astrophysicist Martin Elvis
argues that the answer is asteroid exploration, for the strong
motives of love, fear, and greed. Elvis's personal motivation is
one of scientific love-asteroid investigations may teach us about
the composition of the solar system and the origins of life. A more
compelling reason may be fear-of a dinosaur killer-sized asteroid
hitting our planet. Finally, Elvis maintains, we should consider
greed: asteroids likely hold vast riches, such as large platinum
deposits, and mining them could provide both a new industry and a
funding source for bolder space exploration. Elvis explains how
each motive can be satisfied, and how they help one another. From
the origins of life, to \"space billiards,\" and space sports, Elvis
looks at how asteroids may be used in the not-so-distant future.
eBook
Horizon. Season 47, episode 6, Asteroids : the good, the bad and the ugly
For centuries asteroids have been ignored by science. The poor relation to the planets and even their icy cousins, the comets, asteroids were dismissed as boring or caricatured as the harbingers of an unlikely doom. But all that is about to change. Scientists have made some very strange discoveries that could solve one of the greatest mysteries in science - how water arrived on Earth. Recent discoveries suggest some asteroids are actually covered in ice. In fact, the status of the asteroid has changed so much that NASA has chosen the asteroid for mankind's next giant leap in interplanetary adventure. Will asteroids change the world as we know it? Horizon investigates.
Streaming Video
Delta-v
\"When itinerant cave diver James Tighe receives an invitation to billionaire Nathan Joyce's private island, he thinks it must be a mistake. But Tighe's unique skill set makes him a prime candidate for Joyce's high-risk venture to mine a near-earth asteroid--with the goal of kick-starting an entire off-world economy. The potential rewards and personal risks are staggering, but the competition is fierce and the stakes couldn't be higher. Isolated and pushed beyond their breaking points, Tighe and his fellow twenty-first century adventurers--ex-soldiers, former astronauts, BASE jumpers, and mountain climbers--must rely on each other to survive not only the dangers of a multi-year expedition but the harsh realities of business in space. They're determined to transform humanity from an Earth-bound species to a space-faring one--or die trying\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
The unexpected surface of asteroid (101955) Bennu
NASA’S Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification and Security-Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS-REx) spacecraft recently arrived at the near-Earth asteroid (101955) Bennu, a primitive body that represents the objects that may have brought prebiotic molecules and volatiles such as water to Earth1. Bennu is a low-albedo B-type asteroid2 that has been linked to organic-rich hydrated carbonaceous chondrites3. Such meteorites are altered by ejection from their parent body and contaminated by atmospheric entry and terrestrial microbes. Therefore, the primary mission objective is to return a sample of Bennu to Earth that is pristine—that is, not affected by these processes4. The OSIRIS-REx spacecraft carries a sophisticated suite of instruments to characterize Bennu’s global properties, support the selection of a sampling site and document that site at a sub-centimetre scale5,6,7,8,9,10,11. Here we consider early OSIRIS-REx observations of Bennu to understand how the asteroid’s properties compare to pre-encounter expectations and to assess the prospects for sample return. The bulk composition of Bennu appears to be hydrated and volatile-rich, as expected. However, in contrast to pre-encounter modelling of Bennu’s thermal inertia12 and radar polarization ratios13—which indicated a generally smooth surface covered by centimetre-scale particles—resolved imaging reveals an unexpected surficial diversity. The albedo, texture, particle size and roughness are beyond the spacecraft design specifications. On the basis of our pre-encounter knowledge, we developed a sampling strategy to target 50-metre-diameter patches of loose regolith with grain sizes smaller than two centimetres4. We observe only a small number of apparently hazard-free regions, of the order of 5 to 20 metres in extent, the sampling of which poses a substantial challenge to mission success.
Journal Article
OSIRIS-REx Flight Dynamics and Navigation Design
OSIRIS-REx is the first NASA mission to return a sample of an asteroid to Earth. Navigation and flight dynamics for the mission to acquire and return a sample of asteroid 101955 Bennu establish many firsts for space exploration. These include relatively small orbital maneuvers that are precise to ∼1 mm/s, close-up operations in a captured orbit about an asteroid that is small in size and mass, and planning and orbit phasing to revisit the same spot on Bennu in similar lighting conditions. After preliminary surveys and close approach flyovers of Bennu, the sample site will be scientifically characterized and selected. A robotic shock-absorbing arm with an attached sample collection head mounted on the main spacecraft bus acquires the sample, requiring navigation to Bennu’s surface. A touch-and-go sample acquisition maneuver will result in the retrieval of at least 60 grams of regolith, and up to several kilograms. The flight activity concludes with a return cruise to Earth and delivery of the sample return capsule (SRC) for landing and sample recovery at the Utah Test and Training Range (UTTR).
Journal Article
In-Flight Calibration and Performance of the OSIRIS-REx Touch And Go Camera System (TAGCAMS)
The Touch And Go Camera System (TAGCAMS) is a three-camera-head instrument onboard NASA’s OSIRIS-REx asteroid sample return mission spacecraft. The purpose of TAGCAMS is to facilitate navigation to the target asteroid, (101955) Bennu; confirm acquisition of the asteroid sample; document asteroid sample stowage; and provide supplementary imaging for OSIRIS-REx science investigations.
During the almost two-year OSIRIS-REx outbound cruise phase we pursued nine TAGCAMS imaging campaigns to check, calibrate and characterize the camera system’s performance before asteroid arrival and proximity operations began in late 2018. The TAGCAMS in-flight calibration dataset provides the relevant information to enable the three cameras to complete their primary observation goals during asteroid operations. The key performance parameters that we investigated in flight included: linearity, responsivity (both point source and extended body), dark current, hot pixels, pointing, image geometry transformation, image quality and stray light. Analyses of the in-flight performance either confirmed the continued applicability of the TAGCAMS ground test results or substantially improved upon the ground test knowledge. In addition, the TAGCAMS calibration observations identified the source of a spacecraft outgassing feature that guided successful remediation efforts prior to asteroid arrival.
Journal Article
Asteroid 21 Lutetia: Low Mass, High Density
Asteroid 21 Lutetia was approached by the Rosetta spacecraft on 10 July 2010. The additional Doppler shift of the spacecraft radio signals imposed by 21 Lutetia's gravitational perturbation on the flyby trajectory were used to determine the mass of the asteroid. Calibrating and correcting for all Doppler contributions not associated with Lutetia, a least-squares fit to the residual frequency observations from 4 hours before to 6 hours after closest approach yields a mass of (1.700 ± 0.017) × 10¹ɸ kilograms. Using the volume model of Lutetia determined by the Rosetta Optical, Spectroscopie, and Infrared Remote Imaging System (OSIRIS) camera, the bulk density, an important parameter for clues to its composition and interior, is (3.4 ± 0.3) × 10³ kilograms per cubic meter.
Journal Article
Using Solar Sails to Rendezvous with Asteroid 2024 YR4
This paper aims to present a set of possible transfer trajectories for a rendezvous mission with asteroid 2024 YR4, using a spacecraft propelled by a photonic solar sail. Asteroid 2024 YR4 was discovered in late December 2024 and was briefly classified as Torino Scale 3 for three weeks in early 2025, before being downgraded to zero at the end of February. In this study, rapid Earth-to-asteroid transfers are analyzed by solving a typical optimal control problem, in which the thrust vector generated by the solar sail is modeled using the optical force approach. Numerical simulations are carried out assuming a low-to-medium performance solar sail, considering both a simplified orbit-to-orbit transfer and a more accurate scenario that incorporates the actual ephemerides of the celestial bodies. The numerical results indicate that a medium-performance solar sail can reach asteroid 2024 YR4, achieving the global minimum flight time and arriving before its perihelion passage in late December 2032.
Journal Article