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The Department of Building Technology at the Faculty of Architecture at TU Delft is studying and developing cardboard as a potential building material on a broad, systematic and, where possible, comprehensive basis. The guiding research question is: \"How can cardboard be used in both architectural and structural terms as a fully fledged building material, making use of the material-specific properties?\" An exploratory phase from 2003 to 2005 - including an outdoor pilot structure (multi-shed), a pilot pavilion accommodating; an exhibition, workshops on resistance to fire and to damp, a first patent (KCPK), the design of an interior wall (Besin) and the publication of this book - was concluded by an international symposium attended by both the paper industry and the building industry. This publication comprises the report on that symposium.

Controlling the surrounding rock of the main roadway passing through a goaf during the reconstruction and expansion of a merger and reorganization mine is a common challenge in underground mining practices. In this study, a combined support technology of roof “anchorage‐mesh‐shotcrete” and a double‐H‐type space frame structure for a main roadway passing through a goaf was studied using field investigations, theoretical analysis, and engineering practice. It was observed that the main roadway control difficulties lie in the strongly mining‐induced roof strata in the early stages, with collapsed gangues not connected to an unsupported roof, large goaf sections, and multiple superpositions of surrounding rock stress fields with complex distributions. Based on the results, a double‐H‐type space frame structure support system comprising a “reinforced concrete pillar + reinforced concrete longitudinal beam + cross steel I‐beam” was constructed. This provided strong pillar support, enhanced the shock resistance of the roof, improved the bending and lateral pressure resistances of the frame structure, and produced airtight spaces for the main roadway. Accordingly, a “double systems” support scheme was designed. The results of the engineering practice indicated that the deformation of the goaf roof and force of the supporting structure were controlled within a safe range, meeting the requirements for mine ventilation, pedestrians, and haulage. Consequently, the surrounding rock control problem for the main roadway passing through the goaf was effectively solved, and theoretical and technical bases were provided for the stability control of a roadway passing through a goaf under similar conditions. A “double systems” support technology for the main roadway passing through the goaf is proposed. A high‐strength “anchorage‐mesh‐shotcrete” support system is adopted to form a large‐scale overall anchorage bearing structure for the goaf roof, and a double‐H‐type space frame structure support system of “reinforced concrete pillar + reinforced concrete longitudinal beam + cross steel I‐beam” is adopted to support the roof and construct the airtight spaces for the main roadway. This combined support technology provides the safety guarantee of the main roadway passing through the goaf.

The world market’s increasing demands for lightweight constructions as a means of reducing fuel consumption in transportation systems, together with shrinking materials resources, are becoming factors of major importance. These aspects are further underlined by current efforts aimed at reducing the greenhouse-gas emissions caused by production processes. In this context, considerate use of energy-intensive materials, such as aluminum, plays a major role. This increasingly important interplay between technological development, simulation of production processes and problems of integration are reflected in this interesting collection of peer-reviewed articles by leading experts in their fields. It outlines key aspects of the theoretical and experimental work involved in setting up a processing route. It will be invaluable reading material for all of those working in process design.

To solve the non-uniformity of stress in space membrane structure and the lack of shear compliant border configuration design method, shear compliant borders are designed, optimized, and verified in terms of configuration. Firstly, an orthotropic model of the borders is built by combining Hill and Christensen-Lo composite material models. Secondly, a finite element form-finding method is put forward by establishing rectangular and cylindrical coordinates in different areas. The configuration of borders is obtained and the influence of the borders on the edge of the membrane is 0.23%, which means that the borders are compatible with the existing tensegrity systems, especially the tensioning components and the cable sleeves. Thirdly, simulation verifies that borders can cut the spread of shear stress and improve the stress uniformity in membrane structure. The maximum stress in the membrane effective area is decreased by 35.6% and the stress uniformity is improved by 30.5%. Finally, a membrane extension experiment is committed to compare the flatness of membrane surface under shear stress with and without shear compliant borders. The borders decrease the increment speed of flatness by 58.1%, which verifies the amelioration of stress uniformity. The shear compliant border configuration design method provides a reference for space membrane structure stress-uniform design.

Space frame structures that are made up of a huge number of members are often used on a large scale, hence their accurate evaluation is important to achieve the optimal design. On the other hand, the use of space Frames and 3D truss structures has become more popular due to its time efficiency. Also, these types of structures can carry loads in longspan buildings and are used in large-scale structures such as halls, hangars, passenger stations, etc. In this study, a novel evolutionary algorithm, named ETLBO, has been proposed for the optimization of space frame design in real-size structures. Despite the existing methods in the literature, the ETLBO method can be used for large-scale space frame structures due to its high speed with sufficient accuracy. At first, four optimization algorithms Particle swarm optimization (PSO), Genetic Algorithm (GA), Differential Evolution (DE), and Teaching–learning-based optimization (TLBO) under structural problems have been evaluated. The results show that the TLBO algorithm performs better in solving problems and has been better in most problems than other algorithms. So, we have tried to improve this algorithm based on a machine learning approach and combination operators. Algorithm improvement is created by adding a crossover operation between the new solution and the best solution in the teacher phase. This change causes a sudden movement and escapes from the local minima for the algorithm. Enhanced algorithm results show that convergence speed and optimal response quality have improved. Finally, using this algorithm, several new practical examples have been optimized.

The main goal of this research is to create an advanced framework for evaluating the performance of architectural structures. Structures have various functions beyond just providing support, stability, and cost-efficiency. This study suggests using state-of-the-art numerical analysis to assess the quality of structures in architecture. It focuses on evaluating the qualitative performance of space frame structures in Tehran, using five prominent case studies. The assessment encompasses mechanical performance, environmental performance, aesthetics and meaning performance, spatial considerations, and economic factors, utilizing a multi-criteria decision-making method. In this research, the Delphi method is used to determine the primary criteria. Then, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is employed to assign weights to each criterion and rate each case study accordingly. The scores are then used to rank the case studies. The analysis showed that Milad Tower received the highest overall score, followed by Imam Khomeini International Airport. The Tehran International Exhibition Center and Tehran Book Garden also demonstrated strong performances in specific areas. However, Azadi Stadium had the lowest overall score. Milad Tower showed the most balanced performance across various criteria. These results emphasize the importance of considering multiple factors when evaluating architectural structures.

This article aims to address the in-orbit assembly needs of truss structures in space missions by designing a robot capable of moving on trusses and manipulating parts. To enhance the stability of the robot during movement and part manipulation, inspiration was drawn from the Dynastes Hercules beetle. Building upon detailed research on the Dynastes Hercules beetle, a biomimetic structure was designed for the robot system. Based on specific task requirements, the overall plan of the robot was developed, and its kinematic and dynamic models were derived. A prototype of the robot was created, which is capable of both movement and assembly functions, including handling spherical and rod-like objects. Through a series of experiments conducted with the robot, the research results demonstrated that the proposed design can effectively achieve the intended functions.

As-built building information modeling (BIM) model has gained more attention due to its increasing applications in construction, operation, and maintenance. Although methods for generating the as-built BIM model from laser scanning data have been proposed, few studies were focused on full-scale structures. To address this issue, this study proposes a semi-automated and effective approach to generate the as-built BIM model for a full-scale space frame structure with terrestrial laser scanning data, including the large-scale point cloud data (PCD) registration, large-scale PCD segmentation, and geometric parameters estimation. In particular, an effective coarse-to-fine data registration method was developed based on sphere targets and the oriented bounding box. Then, a novel method for extracting the sphere targets from full-scale structures was proposed based on the voxelization algorithm and random sample consensus (RANSAC) algorithm. Next, an efficient method for extracting cylindrical components was presented based on the detected sphere targets. The proposed approach is shown to be effective and reliable through the application of actual space frame structures.