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Thermal emission from the Earth-sized exoplanet TRAPPIST-1 b using JWST
The TRAPPIST-1 system is remarkable for its seven planets that are similar in size, mass, density and stellar heating to the rocky planets Venus, Earth and Mars in the Solar System
1
. All the TRAPPIST-1 planets have been observed with transmission spectroscopy using the Hubble or Spitzer space telescopes, but no atmospheric features have been detected or strongly constrained
2
–
5
. TRAPPIST-1 b is the closest planet to the M-dwarf star of the system, and it receives four times as much radiation as Earth receives from the Sun. This relatively large amount of stellar heating suggests that its thermal emission may be measurable. Here we present photometric secondary eclipse observations of the Earth-sized exoplanet TRAPPIST-1 b using the F1500W filter of the mid-infrared instrument on the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). We detect the secondary eclipses in five separate observations with 8.7
σ
confidence when all data are combined. These measurements are most consistent with re-radiation of the incident flux of the TRAPPIST-1 star from only the dayside hemisphere of the planet. The most straightforward interpretation is that there is little or no planetary atmosphere redistributing radiation from the host star and also no detectable atmospheric absorption of carbon dioxide (CO
2
) or other species.
Observations from the James Webb Space Telescope suggest that the exoplanet TRAPPIST-1 b has little or no planetary atmosphere and no detectable atmospheric absorption of carbon dioxide.
Journal Article
A population of red candidate massive galaxies ~600 Myr after the Big Bang
Galaxies with stellar masses as high as roughly 10
11
solar masses have been identified
1
–
3
out to redshifts
z
of roughly 6, around 1 billion years after the Big Bang. It has been difficult to find massive galaxies at even earlier times, as the Balmer break region, which is needed for accurate mass estimates, is redshifted to wavelengths beyond 2.5 μm. Here we make use of the 1–5 μm coverage of the James Webb Space Telescope early release observations to search for intrinsically red galaxies in the first roughly 750 million years of cosmic history. In the survey area, we find six candidate massive galaxies (stellar mass more than 10
10
solar masses) at 7.4 ≤
z
≤ 9.1, 500–700 Myr after the Big Bang, including one galaxy with a possible stellar mass of roughly 10
11
solar masses. If verified with spectroscopy, the stellar mass density in massive galaxies would be much higher than anticipated from previous studies on the basis of rest-frame ultraviolet-selected samples.
James Webb Space Telescope early release observations used to search for intrinsically red galaxies from the first 750 million years of cosmic history find six candidate massive galaxies, possibly including one of roughly 10
11
solar masses.
Journal Article
Inside the star factory : the creation of the James Webb Space Telescope, NASA's largest and most powerful space observatory
\"Photo documentary of the creation and launch of NASA's James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), the world's largest orbiting astronomy observatory\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Early Release Science of the exoplanet WASP-39b with JWST NIRSpec PRISM
Transmission spectroscopy
1
–
3
of exoplanets has revealed signatures of water vapour, aerosols and alkali metals in a few dozen exoplanet atmospheres
4
,
5
. However, these previous inferences with the Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes were hindered by the observations’ relatively narrow wavelength range and spectral resolving power, which precluded the unambiguous identification of other chemical species—in particular the primary carbon-bearing molecules
6
,
7
. Here we report a broad-wavelength 0.5–5.5 µm atmospheric transmission spectrum of WASP-39b
8
, a 1,200 K, roughly Saturn-mass, Jupiter-radius exoplanet, measured with the JWST NIRSpec’s PRISM mode
9
as part of the JWST Transiting Exoplanet Community Early Release Science Team Program
10
–
12
. We robustly detect several chemical species at high significance, including Na (19
σ
), H
2
O (33
σ
), CO
2
(28
σ
) and CO (7
σ
). The non-detection of CH
4
, combined with a strong CO
2
feature, favours atmospheric models with a super-solar atmospheric metallicity. An unanticipated absorption feature at 4 µm is best explained by SO
2
(2.7
σ
), which could be a tracer of atmospheric photochemistry. These observations demonstrate JWST’s sensitivity to a rich diversity of exoplanet compositions and chemical processes.
A broad-wavelength 0.5–5.5 µm atmospheric transmission spectrum of WASP-39b, a 1,200 K, roughly Saturn-mass, Jupiter-radius exoplanet, demonstrates JWST’s sensitivity to a rich diversity of exoplanet compositions and chemical processes.
Journal Article
Heavy-element production in a compact object merger observed by JWST
The mergers of binary compact objects such as neutron stars and black holes are of central interest to several areas of astrophysics, including as the progenitors of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs)
1
, sources of high-frequency gravitational waves (GWs)
2
and likely production sites for heavy-element nucleosynthesis by means of rapid neutron capture (the
r
-process)
3
. Here we present observations of the exceptionally bright GRB 230307A. We show that GRB 230307A belongs to the class of long-duration GRBs associated with compact object mergers
4
–
6
and contains a kilonova similar to AT2017gfo, associated with the GW merger GW170817 (refs.
7
–
12
). We obtained James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) mid-infrared imaging and spectroscopy 29 and 61 days after the burst. The spectroscopy shows an emission line at 2.15 microns, which we interpret as tellurium (atomic mass
A
= 130) and a very red source, emitting most of its light in the mid-infrared owing to the production of lanthanides. These observations demonstrate that nucleosynthesis in GRBs can create
r
-process elements across a broad atomic mass range and play a central role in heavy-element nucleosynthesis across the Universe.
Observations from the JWST of the second brightest GRB ever detected, GRB 230307A, indicate that it belongs to the class of long-duration GRBs resulting from compact object mergers, with the decay of lanthanides powering the longlasting optical and infrared emission.
Journal Article
The Hubble Space Telescope : our eye on the universe
\"The launch of the Hubble Space Telescope in 1990 was the first time humans had sent a telescope into space, beyond the distorting effects caused by looking through the Earth's atmosphere. Aided by stunning photography from Hubble, this book describes how Hubble gathers imagery and transmits it to Earth and discusses the telescope's top discoveries. It also explores the stormy weather on our solar system's planets and moons,star clusters, nebulas and the Milky Way Galaxy, star nurseries and Hubble's glimpses of distant galaxies in deep space.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book