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Underground coal excavation has caused a series of geological disasters and environmental problems, especially coal mining subsidence. Backfill-strip mining, which combines the advantages of strip mining and backfill mining, can reduce subsidence and improve the recovery rate of coal. Therefore, predicting the impact of backfill-strip mining on the surface environment and strata structure is essential for the better development of backfill-strip mining technology. Here, a scientific and comprehensive mechanical model is creatively proposed. The mechanical model is divided into two systems at the main key strata (MKS): the lower strata of the MKS are regarded as a rectangular plane mechanical model on the Winkler foundation, comprising spaced filling bodies and coal pillars, and the upper strata of the MKS are regarded as a space-layer mechanical model. First, the subsidence function of the MKS is proposed. Then, this function is transmitted to the space-layer mechanical model through the interface. Finally, the mechanical model is used to predict the subsidence of the strata and the surface. The feasibility of the model is verified by numerical simulation and similar material simulation, and the characteristics of strata movement are analyzed. Using the mechanical model, the influences of geological and mining conditions on strata movement are discussed. This provides theoretical guidance for the study of strata movement and mechanisms in backfill-strip mining.