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"Sparta"
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Protein backbone and sidechain torsion angles predicted from NMR chemical shifts using artificial neural networks
A new program, TALOS-N, is introduced for predicting protein backbone torsion angles from NMR chemical shifts. The program relies far more extensively on the use of trained artificial neural networks than its predecessor, TALOS+. Validation on an independent set of proteins indicates that backbone torsion angles can be predicted for a larger, ≥90 % fraction of the residues, with an error rate smaller than ca 3.5 %, using an acceptance criterion that is nearly two-fold tighter than that used previously, and a root mean square difference between predicted and crystallographically observed (
ϕ
,
ψ
) torsion angles of ca 12º. TALOS-N also reports sidechain χ
1
rotameric states for about 50 % of the residues, and a consistency with reference structures of 89 %. The program includes a neural network trained to identify secondary structure from residue sequence and chemical shifts.
Journal Article
The grand strategy of classical Sparta : the Persian challenge
Historian Paul Rahe presents a fresh appreciation of the pivotal role of Spartan strategy and tactics in its defeat of the mightiest empire of the ancient world.
Book
Damaris (Acts 17:34) and an Aristocratic Family from Sparta
Abstract
This article surveys epigraphic evidence for Damaris, Damares and Damari(o)n to show that these are distinctively Spartan or Laconian names. It rejects the hypothesis that Damaris is a Lukan construction from Homeric δάµαρ (wife) or a typical name for a courtesan. Positively, it suggests that the woman named Damaris in Acts 17:34 could be imagined as a member of the Voluseni family, a prominent Spartan family connected with the Athenian elite. Finally, it examines the rhetorical force that a recognizably Spartan name could have in the narrative of Acts.
Journal Article
Sparta's Second Attic War
The latest volume in Paul Rahe's expansive history of Sparta's response to the challenges posed to its grand strategy.
eBook
Persian Refugees in Ancient Greece
The paper examines the case of Persian men who fled the country and arrived as refugees in Greece. For the fifth century B.C. are attested Rhoesaces, Zopyrus and Amorges, while for the fourth an unnamed son of Pharnabazus, Artabazus, Amminapes and Sisines. Many details about their flight often remain obscure, but these episodes fit interestingly in the framework of international affairs. The main aspects that will be considered are the country in which they take refuge, the reasons for their flight, the relations with the country that hosts them and their role in international politics.
Journal Article
The Spartans : a very short introduction
Famous throughout history for their doomed stand at Thermopylae, and immortalised by contemporary Athenian writers who viewed them as the exotic other, the Spartans, and their brutality and bravery, both fascinate and appal us. Andrew Bayliss reveals the best and the worst of this harsh society, separating myth from reality.
Book
SPARTA+: a modest improvement in empirical NMR chemical shift prediction by means of an artificial neural network
NMR chemical shifts provide important local structural information for proteins and are key in recently described protein structure generation protocols. We describe a new chemical shift prediction program, SPARTA+, which is based on artificial neural networking. The neural network is trained on a large carefully pruned database, containing 580 proteins for which high-resolution X-ray structures and nearly complete backbone and ¹³Cβ chemical shifts are available. The neural network is trained to establish quantitative relations between chemical shifts and protein structures, including backbone and side-chain conformation, H-bonding, electric fields and ring-current effects. The trained neural network yields rapid chemical shift prediction for backbone and ¹³Cβ atoms, with standard deviations of 2.45, 1.09, 0.94, 1.14, 0.25 and 0.49 ppm for δ¹⁵N, δ¹³C', δ¹³Cα, δ¹³Cβ, δ¹Hα and δ¹HN, respectively, between the SPARTA+ predicted and experimental shifts for a set of eleven validation proteins. These results represent a modest but consistent improvement (2-10%) over the best programs available to date, and appear to be approaching the limit at which empirical approaches can predict chemical shifts.
Journal Article