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Impairments in social cognition are a key symptom of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). People with autism have great difficulty with understanding the beliefs and desires of other people. In recent years literature has begun to examine the link between impairments in social cognition and abilities which demand the use of spatial and social skills, such as visual perspective taking (VPT). Flavell (1977) defined two levels of perspective taking: VPT level 1 is the ability to understand that other people have a different line of sight to ourselves, whereas VPT level 2 is the understanding that two people viewing the same item from different points in space may see different things. So far, literature on whether either level of VPT is impaired or intact in autism is inconsistent. Here we review studies which have examined VPT levels 1 and 2 in people with autism with a focus on their methods. We conclude the review with an evaluation of the findings into VPT in autism and give recommendations for future research which may give a clearer insight into whether perspective taking is truly impaired in autism.

The spatial transformation of the new city area of Metro Tanjung Bunga Makassar City has an impact on the conversion of productive agricultural land to urban industry. Changes in land use coupled with an increase in socio-economic activities lead to changes in spatial structure, spatial patterns, and a decrease in environmental quality in the direction of changes in the community's socio-economic system. This study aims to analyze: (1) Spatial transformation works as a determinant of the sustainability of the development of new urban areas, (2) The effect of changes in land use, activity systems, population mobility, and transportation systems on environmental degradation. This study uses a combination of qualitative-quantitative approaches sequentially. Data was obtained through observation, in-depth interviews, surveys, and documentation. The number of respondents in this study was determined as many as 250 which was carried out purposively. The results showed that the development of the new city area of Metro Tanjung Bunga which was predominantly developed for commercial activities, services, tourism, and large-scale settlements supported by transportation infrastructure development had an impact on urban sprawl, morphological changes, spatial segregation, and hierarchical differences in meeting the needs of the population. The results of the study indicate that changes in the use of space in the new urban area have led to changes in the single social formation of the local community towards multiple social formations. Furthermore, changes in land use, activity systems, and transportation systems have a positive correlation to environmental quality degradation with a determination coefficient of 60.8%. This study recommends the development of the new city area of Metro Tanjung Bunga towards the creation of social, economic, and environmental sustainability through the support of policies of the Makassar City Government in the future.

This article builds on theoretical foundations from enclave urbanism, authoritarian planning and neoliberal urbanisation to explore contemporary socio-spatial transformation(s) happening in Cairo, Egypt. Relying on a nationwide road development project, inner-city neighbourhoods in Cairo are turning into urban enclaves, whereby populations are being separated by a multiplicity of transport-related infrastructure projects. As these rapid planning processes are occurring, our article aims to explain why these developments are crucial and unique in the context of the post-Arab Spring cities. We argue that the new road infrastructure is creating a spatially and socially fragmented city and transforming the urban citizenry into a controllable and navigable body. We use an inductive approach to investigate the effects of the new road infrastructure and its hegemonic outcomes on the city. On a conceptual level, we propose that the enclaving of the city is a containment method that has erupted since the mass mobilisations of the Arab Spring. In doing so, we use qualitative analysis to explain empirical evidence showing how the city is being transformed into nodes of enclaves, where communities are getting separated from one another via socio-spatial fault lines.

This study investigates how Karamay, a typical mining city in Northwest China, has expanded and evolved over the last three decades (1994–2021) with a special study area of the oil production “townships” which fully expressed the characteristics of the scattered spatial pattern of oil cities, by using remote sensing (RS) images and geographical information system (GIS) spatial analyses. The expansion rate and urbanization development index, spatial orientation, and urban compactness are used to discuss the expansion features. The results indicate that Karamay city has continued to expand in the past 30 years, and there were two stages of urban expansion regarding expansion orientation. During the expansion, there was a trend toward more urban compactness. Karamay’s urban space has gradually evolved from the original scattered distribution of townships to functionally concentrated urban areas. Socioeconomic factors and multilevel policies were the main factors influencing urban expansion. Suggested strategies for the future development of oil cities in China were given accordingly. Two main innovative points are presented in this paper. First, a unique perspective was given on spatial changes in oil townships to better capture how industrial activities influence the urban expansion of oil cities, which has not been found in other studies. Second, this study is the first to combine the urban expansion process with the changing of scattered spatial characteristics of cities, which has reference significance for the sustainable development of these types of cities and contributes to the diversity of case backgrounds for discussing the possibility of compact urban growth.

Aphantasia refers to the inability to summon images to one’s own mind’s eye, resulting in selective deficits of voluntary object imagery. In the present study, we investigated whether M. X., a case of acquired aphantasia, can still retain some form of spatial transformation processes even though he is unable to subjectively experience voluntary object imagery. M. X. and a group of control participants were asked to complete a letter mental rotation task (MRT), typically used to assess the nature of the spatial transformation, while behavioural and electrophysiological responses were recorded. M. X. was able to complete the MRTs as accurately as controls, showing the pattern of increasing RTs as a function of rotation angle typical of MRTs. However, event-related potential (ERP) results showed systematic differences between M. X. and controls. On canonical letter trials, the rotation-related negativity (RRN), an ERP component considered as the psychophysiological correlate of the spatial transformation of mental rotation (MR), was present in both M. X. and controls and similarly modulated by rotation angle. However, no such modulation was observed for M. X. on mirror-reversed letter trials. These findings suggest that, at least under specific experimental conditions, the inability to create a depictive representation of the stimuli does not prevent the engagement of spatial transformation in aphantasia. However, the ability to apply spatial transformation varies with tasks and might be accounted for by the specific type of mental representation that can be accessed.

Visual information shapes spatial perception and body representation in human augmentation. However, the perceptual consequences of viewpoint-height changes produced by sensor–display geometry are not well understood. To address this gap, we developed an interface that maps a waist-mounted stereo fisheye camera to an eye-level viewpoint on a head-mounted display in real time. Geometric and timing calibration kept latency low enough to preserve a sense of agency and enable stable untethered walking. In a within-subject study comparing head- and waist-level viewpoints, participants approached adjustable gaps, rated passability confidence (1–7), and attempted passage when confident. We also recorded walking speed and assessed post-task body representation using a questionnaire. High gaps were judged passable and low gaps were not, irrespective of viewpoint. At the middle gap, confidence decreased with a head-level viewpoint and increased with a waist-level viewpoint, and walking speed decreased when a waist-level viewpoint was combined with a chest-height gap, consistent with added caution near the decision boundary. Body image reports most often indicated a lowered head position relative to the torso, consistent with visually driven rescaling rather than morphological change. These findings show that a waist-mounted interface for mobile viewpoint-height transformation can reliably shift spatial perception.

The manual flange structure alignment between GIS pipelines in the power system is inefficient and difficult to accurately align. To solve this problem, combined with the research results in the field of deep learning named spatial transformation network, a new pose estimation method based on single camera is proposed. In view of the high similarity between the moving flange and the static flange at the pixel level, the spatial transformation network is used to find the pixel mapping relationship of the two flange images. Thereby establishing the mapping relationship between the pixel coordinates of the two flange images and then using multiple points. In the perspective method, the pixel coordinates are mapped to the world coordinates to obtain the estimation of the position of the key point in the flange, and then the direction vector of the flange is calculated according to the position of the key point. Since there is a pixel coordinate transformation relationship between the static flange and the movable flange. Only the position of the key point in the static flange can be inversely solved by measuring the position of the key point in the static flange. Experiments show that, compared to the traditional method of measuring flange pose based on instrument measurement and linear regression, the method proposed in this paper can accurately measure the pose of the flange structure. And it can rely as little as possible on the measurement of the key points of the moving flange by the instrument.

The land development by human beings has changed from the initial small-scale and low-level transformation to the comprehensive utilization of large-scale and high-intensity implementations. The contradiction between production-living-ecology space (PLES) has become increasingly prominent while drawing land dividends. As one of the important birthplaces of Chinese civilization and the ecological barrier in the northern region, the rapid urbanization and industrialization of the Yellow River Basin (YRB) make the ecological environment very fragile, and the imbalance of land and space development is extremely serious. Therefore, according to the multifunctional characteristics of land use, this paper establishes a classification system of production space (PS), living space (LS) and ecology space (ES), and discusses the spatiotemporal evolution and conflict distribution characteristics of the PLES with the help of the transfer matrix and spatial conflict index (SCI). The results are as follows. In 1990–2020, agricultural production space (APS), grassland ecology space (GES) and other ecology space (OES) yielded the largest proportion of PLES in the YRB. However, compared with 1990, the area of these spatial types decreased in 2020, while the urban living space (ULS) expanded rapidly. The distribution pattern of PLES was generally consistent, and the transformation between PLES in Ningxia, central Inner Mongolia, Loess Plateau and downstream areas was relatively intense. The conflict index of PLES showed an upward trend, but it was generally in a controllable range. The stable and controllable areas were concentrated in the upstream of the urban agglomeration, and the midstream and downstream were basic out of control and seriously out of control, respectively.

Chengdu teahouses, as core public spaces in marketplace society, have undergone transformative reconstruction—from \"containers of everyday life\" to \"containers of commercial traffic and digital flows\"—during the process of modernization.Employing spatial archaeology as a methodology, combined with fieldwork and analysis of historical documents, this study systematically examines the diachronic evolution of architectural forms, functional orientations, and social networks within Chengdu teahouses.The study reveals the logic of spatial reconstruction under the interplay of multiple forces, including cultural heritage preservation, capital-driven development, and technological intervention.The findings identify three paradigms of spatial transformation in teahouses.First, heritage specimenization, which reinforces the continuity of collective memory through symbolic extraction but risks diminishing the vitality of everyday social interactions.Second, consumption upgrading, which caters to the demands of emerging groups through iterative business models yet necessitates vigilance against spatial differentiation eroding marketplace inclusivity.Third, digital parasitism, which expands communicative dimensions through technological empowerment but confronts the risk of flattening localized knowledge.These paradigms reflect both adaptive responses of traditional spaces to contemporary pressure and the tension of reconstruction imposed by instrumental rationality on marketplace networks.The study demonstrates that spatial transformation in Chengdu teahouses is not unidirectional alienation but rather a multifaceted configuration where the continuity of tradition coexists with innovative practices amid functional diversification.This research advocates for striking a balance between the preservation of traditional spaces and modern renewal and explores organic integration approaches for traditional and modern elements, thereby providing a theoretical framework and practical insights for the transformation of traditional public spaces.

Exemplar-based image translation, which aims to transfer the style of an exemplar image to an input semantic image, is challenging and important in many applications. Most current methods build coarse correspondences and overlook extracting faithful style information from the exemplar image, leading to unsatisfactory results with style inconsistent with the exemplar image. In this paper, we propose a novel and efficient style mixture block to extract faithful style information and build reliable correspondences progressively. Specifically, instead of modeling explicit correspondences, we extract faithful style descriptors by considering global information about the exemplar features. Then, we generate coefficients for these style descriptors by modeling the interaction between the exemplar image and the input image, and efficiently compose these descriptors using the coefficients. The efficiency of the style mixture block allows a multi-scale architecture to extract and transform style descriptors at different resolutions, deforming the features of the exemplar image and refining the correspondences progressively. Experimental results on several datasets show that our SMixNet outperforms the current state-of-the-art, and is faster. Code is available for research purposes at https://github.com/Zhangjinso/SMixNet.