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Human adenoviruses can cause infections at any age but most commonly in pediatric population, especially in young children and infants. By the time of 10 years old, most children have had at least one episode of adenovirus infection. Adenoviruses can cause many symptoms similar to common cold, including rhinorrhea, fever, cough, and sore throat. Lower respiratory infections such as bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia can be severe and even fatal. Other diseases such as conjunctivitis, gastroenteritis, cystitis, myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, and meningoencephalitis can also be associated with adenovirus infections. A variety of recent advancement of structural and molecular biology methods have revamped the taxonomy of adenoviruses and furthered our understanding of the diversity of related clinical diseases. Because of the wide spectrum and complexity of diseases associated with human adenovirus infections, the scope of this review is limited to basic virology and epidemiology of adenoviruses with a main focus on the clinico-pathologic correlation. Clinical manifestations and pathology of any infectious disease are always related; therefore, it is logical to review clinico-pathologic correlation within the specific disease entity caused by adenoviruses to better understand this common viral infection in pediatric population.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most commonly neurodevelopmental disorders with a complex symptomatology in children, and frequently suffer from deficits in executive functions and motor abilities. Although medication-based treatments usually have a positive effect, possible side effects may result in a need for an adjunctive intervention. Present studies show positive effect of physical exercise on cognitive function. Therefore, the purpose of the current study is thoroughly examine the effects of physical exercise in children with ADHD. Preliminary evidence shows both acute and chronic physical exercise are beneficial to ADHD symptoms, executive function, and motor abilities. Benefits of acute exercise may gradually accumulate over time. Such benefits reflect the positive correlation between cognition and physical activity, and these benefits will also lead to changes in executive function after long-term training. Aerobic could induce to increase the neurotransmitter ie. serotonin, dopamine, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and brain blood flow. Perceptual motor and meditation could lead to neuroplasticity in nerve cells and synaptic connections; furthermore, strengthening the sensory-motor base contributes to the improvement of attention. An exercise program for children with ADHD include to moderate to high intensity interval training and cognitive tasks are suitable. The preliminary state of the evidence supports physical exercise as an adjunctive treatment for ADHD at this time.

Living organisms have evolved within the natural electromagnetic fields (EMFs) of the earth which comprise the global atmospheric electrical circuit, Schumann resonances (SRs) and the geomagnetic field. Research suggests that the circadian rhythm, which controls several physiological functions in the human body, can be influenced by light but also by the earth's EMFs. Cyclic solar disturbances, including sunspots and seasonal weakening of the geomagnetic field, can affect human health, possibly by disrupting the circadian rhythm and downstream physiological functions. Severe disruption of the circadian rhythm increases inflammation which can induce fatigue, fever and flu-like symptoms in a fraction of the population and worsen existing symptoms in old and diseased individuals, leading to periodic spikes of infectious and chronic diseases. Possible mechanisms underlying sensing of the earth's EMFs involve entrainment via electrons and electromagnetic waves, light-dependent radical pair formation in retina cryptochromes, and paramagnetic magnetite nanoparticles. Factors such as electromagnetic pollution from wireless devices, base antennas and low orbit internet satellites, shielding by non-conductive materials used in shoes and buildings, and local geomagnetic anomalies may also affect sensing of the earth's EMFs by the human body and contribute to circadian rhythm disruption and disease development.

Drug-resistant epilepsy, characterized by ongoing seizures despite appropriate trials of anti-seizure medications, affects approximately one-third of people with epilepsy. Brain stimulation has recently become available as an alternative treatment option to reduce symptomatic seizures in short and long-term follow-up studies. Several questions remain on how to optimally develop patient-specific treatments and manage therapy over the long term. This review aims to discuss the clinical use and mechanisms of action of Responsive Neural Stimulation and Deep Brain Stimulation in the treatment of epilepsy and highlight recent advances that may both improve outcomes and present new challenges. Finally, a rational approach to device selection is presented based on current mechanistic understanding, clinical evidence, and device features.

The RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway is vital for different cellular mechanisms including cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. This importance is highlighted by the high prevalence of mutations in RAS or related proteins of the pathway in cancers. More recently, development abnormalities have been linked to various germline mutations in this pathway and called RASopathies. Interestingly, rare disorders such as RAS-associated leukoproliferative diseases and histiocytosis have also been recently linked to multiple mutations in the same pathway, sometimes with the same mutation. This review will focus on germline RASopathies and rare somatic RASopathies and focus on how gain-of-function mutations in the same pathway can lead to various diseases.

Thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) is an increasingly recognized condition that is often diagnosed incidentally. This review discusses ten of the most relevant epidemiological and clinical secrets of this disease; (1) the difference in pathogenesis between ascending and descending TAAs. TAAs at these two sites act as different diseases, which is related to the different embryologic origins of the ascending and descending aorta. (2) The familial pattern and genetics of thoracic aneurysms. Syndromic TAAs only explain 5% of the pattern of inheritance. (3) The effect of female sex on TAA growth and outcome. Females have been found to have worse outcomes compared to males. (4) Guilt by Association. TAAs are associated with abdominal aortic aneurysms, intracranial aneurysms, bicuspid aortic valve, and inflammatory disorders. (5) Natural history of TAAs. Important findings have been made regarding the expansion rate (in relation to familial pattern, location and size), and also regarding the risk of rupture or dissection. (6) The aortic size paradox. Size only is not a sufficient predictor of risk of dissection. (7) Biomarker void. Although many serum biomarkers have been studied, imaging remains the only reliable method for diagnosis and follow-up. (8) Indications for repair. Decisions are made depending on symptoms, location, size, and familial patterns. (9) Types of repair. Both open and endovascular repair options are available for certain TAAs. (10) Medical treatment. The efficacy of prescribing beta blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers remains dubious.

There is a significant interest in how much water enters the Tibetan Plateau (TP), as it is the source of many rivers in Asia. However, owing to scarce station observations and large uncertainties in multi-source precipitation datasets, this question still remains obscure. Here, we assess a high-resolution merged precipitation dataset (TPHiPr) for characterizing annual precipitation and its changes over the TP based on station observations, water balance in six river basins, and snow water equivalent of 10 glaciers. The results show that TPHiPr is superior to CRA-LAND, ERA5, HARv2, and GPCC when they are assessed using independent precipitation observations, water balance of basins and snow water equivalent of glaciers. TPHiPr shows that average annual precipitation is 596 mm over the TP during 1981–2020, i.e., approximately 1824 billion tons of water entering the TP (regions above 2500 m) in terms of precipitation every year. Annual precipitation increases by 11.3 mm 10a− 1 from 1981 to 2020. From a spatial perspective, annual precipitation significantly increases in the Qiangtang Plateau (Inner TP) as well as the eastern and western regions of the Qaidam Basin, whereas it decreases in the Tajikistan glacier area in western TP, partial areas in the western Himalayas, and southeastern TP. On the basin scale, annual precipitation significantly increases in the upper Yellow and Yangtze basins but remains relatively stable in the upper Mekong, Salween, Indus and Brahmaputra. These results provide important references for evaluation of water resource over the TP.

The Borneo vortex (BV) is a cyclonic circulation that strongly influences convection and rainfall over the South China Sea and Maritime Continent. This study investigated the frequency, intensity and dynamical characteristics of BVs using 40-year boreal winter (1980–2020) reanalysis data to clarify the respective and combined influences of MJO phases and cold surges (CS) on BV occurrence. BVs were objectively identified using a tropical vortex detection scheme based on a modified mid-latitude cutoff-low detection method. BV frequency was highest in phase 5, with nearly half accompanied by CS. BV intensity was strongest in phases 4, 5, and 8 for the CS cases, and in phases 5 and 6, with phase 8 also relatively strong, for the no-CS cases, indicating strong MJO influence during phases 4–6, while relatively strong BVs still occurred in phase 8 despite suppressed convection. In phases 5 and 8, strong BV-related vorticity was associated with CS northerlies (or easterlies in the no-CS cases) together with MJO-related westerlies in phase 5 and southerly flow from the Southern Hemisphere in phase 8. BV locations closely followed the latitude of the westerly wind band in phase 5. Vorticity budget analysis showed that strong BVs were associated with positive planetary vorticity advection and enhanced vertical stretching. Positive planetary vorticity advection extended farther south in southern-type BVs, whereas relative vorticity stretching dominated, particularly in phase 8 under CS conditions. These results highlight the important roles of phase-dependent MJO circulation, cold surges, and associated low-level flow structures in controlling BV occurrence.