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Following The Hermeneutics of the Subject, a course Foucault gave at Collège de France in 1982, the goal of this paper is to clarify the understanding of the care of the self in late Antiquity. In order to do so, the paper is divided in two sections: In the first section, I explore the elements advanced by the Apology of Socrates and Foucault’s interpretation, namely, the relationship between truth, care of the self, care of others, techniques of the self, morals and politics. In the second section, I look for a deeper characterization of the care, as primary ontological condition that opens up to a philosophical activity that, in many senses, collides with the ways in which we conceive of Philosophy as discipline today. I conclude by showing why Foucault’s return to the ancients is still relevant today, since through his lenses one arrives at a better place in order to imagine and delineate new techniques of the self.

Currently, more than 170 modifications have been identified on RNA. Among these RNA modifications, various methylations account for two-thirds of total cases and exist on almost all RNAs. Roles of RNA modifications in cancer are garnering increasing interest. The research on m6A RNA methylation in cancer is in full swing at present. However, there are still many other popular RNA modifications involved in the regulation of gene expression post-transcriptionally besides m6A RNA methylation. In this review, we focus on several important RNA modifications including m1A, m5C, m7G, 2′-O-Me, Ψ and A-to-I editing in cancer, which will provide a new perspective on tumourigenesis by peeking into the complex regulatory network of epigenetic RNA modifications, transcript processing, and protein translation.

Lignin (LIG) is a natural biopolymer with well-known antioxidant capabilities. Accordingly, in the present work, a method to combine LIG with poly(lactic acid) (PLA) for fused filament fabrication applications (FFF) is proposed. For this purpose, PLA pellets were successfully coated with LIG powder and a biocompatible oil (castor oil). The resulting pellets were placed into an extruder at 200 °C. The resulting PLA filaments contained LIG loadings ranging from 0% to 3% (w/w). The obtained filaments were successfully used for FFF applications. The LIG content affected the mechanical and surface properties of the overall material. The inclusion of LIG yielded materials with lower resistance to fracture and higher wettabilities. Moreover, the resulting 3D printed materials showed antioxidant capabilities. By using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method, the materials were capable of reducing the concentration of this compound up to ca. 80% in 5 h. This radical scavenging activity could be potentially beneficial for healthcare applications, especially for wound care. Accordingly, PLA/LIG were used to design meshes with different designs for wound dressing purposes. A wound healing model compound, curcumin (CUR), was applied in the surface of the mesh and its diffusion was studied. It was observed that the dimensions of the meshes affected the permeation rate of CUR. Accordingly, the design of the mesh could be modified according to the patient’s needs.

Purpose: The paper explores the dynamics of artisan entrepreneurship within the specialty coffee industry, emphasizing the interplay between market and artisan logic. The literature review reviews artisan entrepreneurs are facing demands from artisan and market logics, and strategies firm use to navigate this institutional complexity. This paper identifies the gaps in literature and proposes potential future research directions. The paper underscores the need for future research to further explore the responses of artisan entrepreneurs to institutional complexity, offering insights into the evolving landscape of the specialty coffee industry. Design/methodology/approach: This literature review synthesizes existing studies on artisan entrepreneurship and institutional logics in the specialty product and food industry. It analyses how firms integrate artisanal values with market demands. Findings: The findings explore how artisan logic in specialty food production emphasizes creativity, quality, and cultural significance, driven by dedication to craftsmanship and sensory experience. In contrast, market logic prioritizes efficiency, scalability, and profit maximization through standardized processes and reduced reliance on specialized expertise. In contrasting logic, artisan entrepreneurs navigate these contrasting demands within the specialty food industry, revealing strategies used to maintain organizational coherence amid institutional complexity. Research limitations/implications: This review synthesizes valuable insights from existing literature, but it acknowledges limitations in geographical scope, particularly in underrepresented regions like Malaysia. Future research could further investigate how regional dynamics uniquely shape artisanal responses to market pressures within the specialty coffee industry. Practical implications: Understanding how to integrate artisan and market logics can guide artisan entrepreneurs in enhancing product quality while maintaining profitability and sustainability. Originality/value: This paper identifies gaps in the literature concerning artisan entrepreneurship within the specialty coffee industry and proposes future research directions to enhance understanding of institutional complexity in this domain. It contributes to theoretical advancements by exploring how artisanal and market logics intersect in specialty food sectors, offering insights into strategies employed by entrepreneurs to navigate these dynamics effectively.

Highly stretchable, soft silicone elastomers are of great interest for the fabrication of stretchable, soft devices. However, there is a lack of available chemistries capable of efficiently preparing silicone elastomers with superior stretchability and softness. Here we show an easy curing reaction to prepare silicone elastomers, in which a platinum-catalyzed reaction of telechelic/multi-hydrosilane (Si–H) functional polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) in the presence of oxygen and water leads to slow crosslinking. This curing chemistry allows versatile tailoring of elastomer properties, which exceed their intrinsic limitations. Specifically, both highly stretchable silicone elastomers (maximum strain of 2800%) and extremely soft silicone elastomers (lowest shear modulus of 1.2 kPa) are prepared by creating highly entangled elastomers and bottle-brush elastomers from commercial precursor polymers, respectively. Several strategies have been explored for overcoming limitations on the ultimate extensibility and softness of silicone elastomers but they either increase process complexity or lead to mechanical instabilities in the resulting elastomers. Here the authors report an easy curing reaction which allows versatile tailoring of elastomer properties exceeding their intrinsic limitations

Although microalgae are a promising biobased feedstock, industrial scale production is still far off. To enhance the economic viability of large-scale microalgae processes, all biomass components need to be valorized, requiring a multi-product biorefinery. However, this concept is still too expensive. Typically, downstream processing of industrial biotechnological bulk products accounts for 20–40% of the total production costs, while for a microalgae multi-product biorefinery the costs are substantially higher (50–60%). These costs are high due to the lack of appropriate and mild technologies to access the different product fractions such as proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. To reduce the costs, simplified processes need to be developed for the main unit operations including harvesting, cell disruption, extraction, and possibly fractionation. A multi-product biorefinery is essential to make microalgal production of bulk commodities economically feasible. Large-scale cultivation using closed photobioreactors makes microalgal harvesting a smaller economic hurdle in a multi-product biorefinery. Techno-economic scenario studies show that a current multi-product biorefinery requiring multiple unit operations is complex and therefore too expensive. Process simplification can be accomplished by reducing the number of unit operations (e.g., by integrating unit operations or by avoiding auxiliaries in the process chain), making a multi-product biorefinery economically feasible.

ABSTRACT In 1545, Bartolomé de las Casas, Bishop of Chiapa, appealed for the first time to the legal category of personae miserabiles in order to safeguard the jurisdictional protection of the Indians, and to take part in the hearings and defence of their legal cases. The purpose of this research is to expose the aspects of his thinking that underpinned his rationale for associating the Indians with the p e r s o n a s m i s e r a b l e s . I will argue that the essential character of his rationalization was that the Indians were personas miserables because of their state of vulnerability, oppression and abandonment, rather than, as presented in some modern analyses, that the Indians were considered personas miserables based on premises of minority and incapacity. KEYWORDS Indians - Personas Miserables - Indian Miserables - Encomienda - Bartolomé de Las Casas - Abandonment - Justice - Jurisdiction - Indian Canon Law. En marzo de 1544, fray Bartolomé recibía la ordenación episcopal, y al año de haber tomado posesión de su cargo describía el nuevo tratamiento a los indios como p e r s o n a s m i s e r a b l e s . No nos sorprende, aunque si nos llama la atención, que Las Casas haya recurrido a una institución jurídica del derecho canónico para proteger a los indios, cuando por largo tiempo se había apoyado en las intervenciones directas de la Corona para alcanzar el buen gobierno de las Indias.

Coffee is grown in more than 60 tropical countries on over 11 million ha by an estimated 25 million farmers, most of whom are smallholders. Several regional studies demonstrate the climate sensitivity of coffee ( Coffea arabica ) and the likely impact of climate change on coffee suitability, yield, increased pest and disease pressure and farmers’ livelihoods. The objectives of this paper are (i) to quantify the impact of progressive climate change to grow coffee and to produce high quality coffee in Nicaragua and (ii) to develop an adaptation framework across time and space to guide adaptation planning. We used coffee location and cup quality data from Nicaragua in combination with the Maxent and CaNaSTA crop suitability models, the WorldClim historical data and the CMIP3 global circulation models to predict the likely impact of climate change on coffee suitability and quality. We distinguished four different impact scenarios: Very high (coffee disappears), high (large negative changes), medium (little negative changes) and increase (positive changes) in climate suitability. During the Nicaraguan coffee roundtable, most promising adaptation strategies were identified, which we then used to develop a two-dimensional adaptation framework for coffee in time and space. Our analysis indicates that incremental adaptation may occur over short-term horizons at lower altitudes, whereas the same areas may undergo transformative adaptation in the longer term. At higher elevations incremental adaptation may be needed in the long term. The same principle and framework is applicable across coffee growing regions around the world.

The fabrication of nanostructures in a bottom-up approach from specific molecular precursors offers the opportunity to create tailored materials for applications in nanoelectronics. However, the formation of defect-free two-dimensional (2D) covalent networks remains a challenge, which makes it difficult to unveil their electronic structure. Here we report on the hierarchical on-surface synthesis of nearly defect-free 2D covalent architectures with carbonyl-functionalized pores on Au(111), which is investigated by low-temperature scanning tunnelling microscopy in combination with density functional theory calculations. The carbonyl-bridged triphenylamine precursors form six-membered macrocycles and one-dimensional (1D) chains as intermediates in an Ullmann-type coupling reaction that are subsequently interlinked to 2D networks. The electronic band gap is narrowed when going from the monomer to 1D and 2D surface-confined π -conjugated organic polymers comprising the same building block. The significant drop of the electronic gap from the monomer to the polymer confirms an efficient conjugation along the triphenylamine units within the nanostructures. On-surface synthesis is an excellent tool for the controlled synthesis of tailored nanomaterials. Here, the authors hierarchically synthesize covalent structures on Au(111) through Ullmann-type coupling of triphenylamines, forming macrocycles, 1D chains, and 2D networks, allowing them to study the effect of dimensionality on electronic band gap.

State prescription drug monitoring programs are promising tools to rein in the epidemic of prescription opioid overdose. We used data from a national survey to assess the effects of these programs on the prescribing of opioid analgesics and other pain medications in ambulatory care settings at the point of care in twenty-four states from 2001 to 2010. We found that the implementation of a prescription drug monitoring program was associated with more than a 30 percent reduction in the rate of prescribing of Schedule II opioids. This reduction was seen immediately following the launch of the program and was maintained in the second and third years afterward. Effects on overall opioid prescribing and prescribing of non-opioid analgesics were limited. Increased use of these programs and the adoption of new policies and practices governing their use may have contributed to sustained effectiveness. Future studies are needed to evaluate the policies' comparative effectiveness.