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An alpha-proteobacterial strain JXJ CY 53  T was isolated from the cyanosphere of Microcystis sp. FACHB-905 (MF-905) collected from Lake Dianchi, China. JXJ CY 53  T was observed to be an aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, oval shaped, and mucus-secreting bacterium. It had C 18:1 ω7c and C 16:0 as the major cellular fatty acids, Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone, and sphingoglycolipid, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylmethylethanolamine as the polar lipids. The G + C content of DNA was 65.85%. The bacterium had 16S rRNA gene sequence identities of 98.9% and 98.7% with Sphingomonas panni DSM 15761  T and Sphingomonas hankookensis KCTC 22579  T , respectively, while less than 97.4% identities with other members of the genus. Further taxonomic analysis indicated that JXJ CY 53  T represented a new member of Sphingomonas , and the species epithet was proposed as Sphingomonas lacusdianchii sp. nov. (type strain JXJ CY 53  T  = KCTC 72813  T  = CGMCC 1.17657  T ). JXJ CY 53  T promoted the growth of MF-905 by providing bio-available phosphorus and nitrogen, plant hormones, vitamins, and carotenoids. It could modulate the relative abundances of nonculturable bacteria associated with MF-905 and influence the interactions of MF-905 and other bacteria isolated from the cyanobacterium, in addition to microcystin production characteristics. Meanwhile, MF-905 could provide JXJ CY 53  T dissolved organic carbon for growth, and control the growth of JXJ CY 53  T by secreting specific chemicals other than microcystins. Overall, these results suggest that the interactions between Microcystis and its attached bacteria are complex and dynamic, and may influence the growth characteristics of the cyanobacterium. This study provided new ideas to understand the interactions between Microcystis and its attached bacteria. Key points • A novel bacterium (JXJCY 53 T ) was isolated from the cyanosphere of Microcystis sp. FACHB-905 (MF-905) • JXJCY 53 T modulated the growth and microcystin production of MF-905 • MF-905 could control the attached bacteria by specific chemicals other than microcystins (MCs)

Plant growth promoting endophytic bacteria have been identified as potential growth regulators of crops. Endophytic bacterium, Sphingomonas sp. LK11, was isolated from the leaves of Tephrosia apollinea. The pure culture of Sphingomonas sp. LK11 was subjected to advance chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques to extract and isolate gibberellins (GAs). Deuterated standards of [17, 17-²H₂]-GA₄, [17, 17-²H₂]-GA₉ and [17, 17-²H₂]-GA₂₀ were used to quantify the bacterial GAs. The analysis of the culture broth of Sphingomonas sp. LK11 revealed the existence of physiologically active gibberellins (GA₄: 2.97 ± 0.11 ng/ml) and inactive GA₉ (0.98 ± 0.15 ng/ml) and GA₂₀ (2.41 ± 0.23). The endophyte also produced indole acetic acid (11.23 ± 0.93 μM/ml). Tomato plants inoculated with endophytic Sphingomonas sp. LK11 showed significantly increased growth attributes (shoot length, chlorophyll contents, shoot, and root dry weights) compared to the control. This indicated that such phyto-hormones-producing strains could help in increasing crop growth.

Two facultatively aerobic strains, designated SGZ-02 T and SGZ-792 T , were isolated from plant Pennisetum sp., exhibiting the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities with the type strains of Sphingomonas zeae LMG 28739 T (98.6%) and Massilia forsythiae NBRC 114511 T (98.4%), respectively. SGZ-02 T grew between 5 and 45 °C, pH 5.0–11.0 and tolerated NaCl concentrations of 0–4% (w/v), whereas SGZ-792 T thrived at 5–40 °C, pH 5.0–11.0 and NaCl tolerance to 0–3.5% (w/v). The major quinone of SGZ-02 T was ubiquinone-10, with the dominant fatty acids being C 16:0 (13.5%), Summed Feature 3 (6.3%), C 14:0 2-OH (5.3%) and Summed Feature 8 (66.3%). SGZ-792 T predominantly contained ubiquinone-8, with major fatty acids being C 16:0 (20.3%), Summed Feature 3 (5.0%) and Summed Feature 8 (54.7%). Average nucleotide identity and digital DNA–DNA hybridization values between two strains and their closest references strains were below the bacterial species threshold. Based on genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, strains SGZ-02 T and SGZ-792 T are proposed as novel species within the genera Sphingomonas and Massilia , respectively. The suggested names for the new species are Sphingomonas fuzhouensis sp. nov. (SGZ-02 T  = GDMCC 1.4033 T  = JCM 36769 T ) and Massilia phyllosphaerae sp. nov. (SGZ-792 T  = GDMCC 1.4211 T  = JCM 36643 T ), respectively.

To investigate the Interaction between chronic endometritis (CE) caused endometrial microbiota disorder and endometrial immune environment change in recurrent implantation failure (RIF). Transcriptome sequencing analysis of the endometrial of 112 patients was preform by using High-Throughput Sequencing. The endometrial microbiota of 43 patients was analyzed by using 16s rRNA sequencing technology. In host endometrium, CD4 T cell and macrophage exhibited significant differences abundance between CE and non-CE patients. The enrichment analysis indicated differentially expressed genes mainly enriched in immune-related functional terms. and were significantly high infiltration in CE patients, and active in pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism and/or fat metabolism. The increased synthesis of lipopolysaccharide, an important immunomodulator, was the result of microbial disorders in the endometrium. The composition of endometrial microorganisms in CE and non-CE patients were significantly different. and mainly regulated immune cells by interfering with the process of carbohydrate metabolism and/or fat metabolism in the endometrium. CE endometrial microorganisms might regulate Th17 response and the ratio of Th1 to Th17 through lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

Bacterial exopolysaccharides (EPS) are products of biotechnology that are of high interest due to their rheological properties. This is the case of sphingans, a group of structurally related EPS secreted by members of the genus Sphingomonas. Among these, gellan is a multifunctional gelling agent produced in high yields by the non-pathogenic strain Sphingomonas elodea ATCC 31461. In its native form, gellan is a linear anionic EPS based on a tetrasaccharide repeat unit composed of two molecules of d-glucose, one of l-rhamnose and one of d-glucuronic acid. The native gellan is partially esterified with acyl substituents (1 mol of glycerate and 0.5 mol of acetate) per repeat unit. Gellan has unique characteristics and has many applications, particularly in the food, pharmaceutical, and biomedical fields. This review summarizes current knowledge on the structure and properties of gellan and provides details about the biosynthesis of this exopolysaccharide. In addition, a highlight of the importance of gellan in industrial and medicinal applications is given.

The type strain DCY99ᵀ was isolated from soil collected from a ginseng field in Hwacheon, Republic of Korea. Strain DCY99ᵀ is Gram-negative, non-spore forming, motile, rod-shaped, and strictly aerobic. The bacteria grow optimally at 25–30 °C and pH 6.0–6.5. Phylogenetically, strain DCY99ᵀ is most closely related to Sphingomonas oligophenolica JCM 12082ᵀ, followed by Sphingomonas asaccharolytica KCTC 2825ᵀ, Sphingomonas mali KCTC 2826ᵀ, Sphingomonas cynarae JCM17498ᵀ, Sphingomonas pruni KCTC 2824ᵀ, and Sphingomonas glacialis DSM 22294ᵀ. The DNA–DNA relatedness between strain DCY99ᵀ and S. oligophenolica JCM 12082ᵀ was 15.6 ± 0.4 %, and the DNA G+C content of strain DCY99ᵀ was 64.4 mol%. An isoprenoid quinone was detected and identified as ubiquinone Q-10, and sym-homospermidine was identified as the major polyamine of DCY99ᵀ. The major polar lipids were identified as sphingoglycolipid, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylcholine. C₁₄:₀2OH, C₁₆:₀, and summed feature 8 (C₁₈:₁ ω7c:/C₁₈:₁ ω6c) were identified as the major fatty acids present in DCY99ᵀ. The results of physiological and biochemical tests allowed strain DCY99ᵀ to be differentiated phenotypically from other recognized species belonging to the genus Sphingomonas. Therefore, it is suggested that the newly isolated organism represents a novel species, for which the name Sphingomonas panacis sp. nov. is proposed with the type strain designated as DCY99ᵀ (=JCM 30806ᵀ =KCTC 42347ᵀ).

Nostoxanthin, a yellow pigment, belongs to the xanthophyll group of carotenoids found in various species of bacteria and cyanobacteria. Several species of Sphingomonas can produce appropriate carotenoids for survive in various environments. This comprise nostoxanthin, a significant carotenoid. The study isolated the Sphingomonas species strain COS14-R2 from the Cosmos bipinnatus and identified it through the whole-genome sequence. The strain consists of a circular chromosome with a length of 3,677,457 base pairs.s ecThe genome consists of three carotenoid biosynthesis genes, specifically crtB (phytoene synthase), crtI (phytoene desaturase), and crtY (Lycopene beta-cyclase), which are involved in the synthesis of nostoxanthin. The strain has a circular, undulated colony morphology with a deep yellow color. It demonstrates optimal growth in liquid media at 25 to 35 °C and exhibits a high tolerance for pH levels between 5 and 11 and requires adequate quantities of carbon and nitrogen. We observed the highest concentration of nostoxanthin was recorded at 35 °C, pH of 7.5, glucose concentration of 40 g L−1, and a yeast extract concentration of 5 g L−1 during dark incubation. The fed-batch fermentation process produced nostoxanthin at a concentration of 217.22 ± 9.60 mg L−1, with a selectivity of 72.32% and a productivity of 2.59 g/L/h. The dry biomass extract was purified using column chromatography. The LC–MS/MS analysis of the purified fraction indicated that the molecular weight of nostoxanthin is 600.5098 m/z. The DPPH assay result of 75.5 ± 0.33% indicates nostoxanthin is highly effective in scavenging free radicals.

Members of the Sphingomonas genus are often isolated from petroleum-contaminated soils due to their unique abilities to degrade polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are important for in situ bioremediation. In this study, a combined phenotypic and genotypic approach using streptomycin-containing medium and Sphingomonas-specific PCR was developed to isolate and identify culturable Sphingomonas strains present in petroleum-contaminated soils in the Shenfu wastewater irrigation zone. Of the 15 soil samples examined, 12 soils yielded yellow streptomycin-resistant colonies. The largest number of yellow colony-forming units (CFUs) could reach 105CFUsg−1soil. The number of yellow CFUs had a significant positive correlation (p<0.05) with the ratio of PAHs to total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), indicating that Sphingomonas may play a key role in degrading the PAH fraction of the petroleum contaminants at this site. Sixty yellow colonies were selected randomly and analyzed by colony PCR using Sphingomonas-specific primers, out of which 48 isolates had PCR-positive signals. The 48 positive amplicons generated 8 distinct restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns, and 7 out of 8 phylotypes were identified as Sphingomonas by 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the representative strains. Within these 7 Sphingomonas strains, 6 strains were capable of using fluorene as the sole carbon source, while 2 strains were phenanthrene-degrading Sphingomonas. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to evaluate the relationship between PAHs contamination levels and culturable Sphingomonas in environmental samples.

In 2016, an unusual cluster of Sphingomonas koreensis infections was observed at the NIH Clinical Center. A subsequent investigation used whole-genome sequencing to determine that the transmission had been going on for a decade and that the hospital plumbing was the reservoir.

Two novel strains of bacteria, CA1-15T and BIUV-7T, were isolated from soil samples gathered in Cheonan-si, Republic of Korea, and Inje-gun, Republic of Korea, respectively. These bacteria are Gram-negative, aerobic, and non-motile. Phylogenetic evaluations, using the sequence of the 16S rRNA gene, showed that strains CA1-15T and BIUV-7T belong to a distinctive clade within the family Sphingomonadaceae (order Sphingomonadales, class Alphaproteobacteria). The strains exhibited the highest similarity in their genetic makeup with representatives of the genus Sphingomonas. Strain CA1-15T was closely related to Sphingomonas echinoides NRRL B-3126T (97.8% similarity in 16S rRNA gene sequence), Sphingomonas oligophenolica JCM 12,082T (97.8%), Sphingomonas glacialis C16yT (97.6%) and Sphingomonas psychrolutea MDB1-AT (97.3%). Strain BIUV-7T was closely related to Sphingomonas nostoxanthinifaciens AK-PDB1-5T (97.0%), Sphingomonas vulcanisoli SN6-13T (96.3%), Sphingomonas naphthae DKC-5-1T (96.2%), and Sphingomonas prati W18RDT (95.7%). The optimal growth conditions for strains CA1-15T and BIUV-7T were determined to be at pH 7.0 and a temperature of 25 °C. Analysis of the cellular fatty acids of strain CA1-15T and BIUV-7T revealed that summed feature 8 (C18:1ω7c/C18:1ω6c) (60.4%), summed feature 8 (C18:1ω7c/C18:1ω6c) (62.9%) were the major component, respectively. Additionally, both strains exhibited ubiquinone Q-10 as their major respiratory quinone, and diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), glycosphingolipid (SGL), and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) as the major polar lipid. The genome of strain CA1-15T measures 4,133,944 bp, comprising 4,026 coding sequences (CDSs) and 46 tRNA genes. Similarly, the genome of strain BIUV-7T is 4,563,252 bp, characterized by 4,226 CDSs and 44 tRNA genes. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) analysis and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between strain CA1-15T and other Sphingomonas species range from 73.2 to 79.9% and 19.4–22.9%, respectively. Comparatively, ANI and dDDH values between strain BIUV-7T and other Sphingomonas species are in the range of 72.9–76.5% and 19.3–20.9%, respectively. Based on the biochemical, chemotaxonomic, and phylogenetic analyses, it is evident that strains CA1-15T and BIUV-7T represent two novel bacterial species within the genus Sphingomonas. Accordingly, the names Sphingomonas immobilis sp. nov. and Sphingomonas natans sp. nov. are proposed. also, CA1-15T(= KCTC 92960T = NBRC 116547T) is the type strain of Sphingomonas immobilis and BIUV-7T(= KCTC 92961T = NBRC 116546T) is the type strain of Sphingomonas natans.