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Neuroscience : exploring the brain
\"Surveys the organization and function of the human nervous system ... in a way that is accessible to both science and nonscience students alike. The level of the material is comparable to an introductory college text in general biology. The book is divided into four parts: Part I, Foundations; Part II, Sensory and motor systems; Part III, The brain and behavior; and Part IV, The changing brain\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
Spinal Cord Injury
An estimated 11,000 spinal cord injuries occur each year in the United
States and more than 200,000 Americans suffer from maladies associated
with spinal cord injury. This includes paralysis, bowel and bladder dysfunction,
sexual dysfunction, respiratory impairment, temperature regulation
problems, and chronic pain. During the last two decades, longstanding
beliefs about the inability of the adult central nervous system to heal itself
have been eroded by the flood of new information from research in the
neurosciences and related fields. However, there are still no cures and the
challenge of restoring function in the wake of spinal cord injuries remains
extremely complex.
Spinal Cord Injury examines the future directions for research with the
goal to accelerate the development of cures for spinal cord injuries. While
many of the recommendations are framed within the context of the specific
needs articulated by the New York Spinal Cord Injury Research Board,
the Institute of Medicine's panel of experts looked very broadly at research
priorities relating to future directions for the field in general and make recommendations
to strengthen and coordinate the existing infrastructure.
Funders at federal and state agencies, academic organizations, pharmaceutical
and device companies, and non-profit organizations will all find this
book to be an essential resource as they examine their opportunities.
eBook
Improvement in Motor and Walking Capacity during Multisegmental Transcutaneous Spinal Stimulation in Individuals with Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury
Transcutaneous multisegmental spinal cord stimulation (tSCS) has shown superior efficacy in modulating spinal locomotor circuits compared to single-site stimulation in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). Building on these findings, we hypothesized that administering a single session of tSCS at multiple spinal segments may yield greater enhancements in muscle strength and gait function during stimulation compared to tSCS at only one or two segments. In our study, tSCS was applied at single segments (C5, L1, and Coc1), two segments (C5-L1, C5-Coc1, and L1-Coc1), or multisegments (C5-L1-Coc1) in a randomized order. We evaluated the 6-m walking test (6MWT) and maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) and assessed the Hmax/Mmax ratio during stimulation in ten individuals with incomplete motor SCI. Our findings indicate that multisegmental tSCS improved walking time and reduced spinal cord excitability, as measured by the Hmax/Mmax ratio, similar to some single or two-site tSCS interventions. However, only multisegmental tSCS resulted in increased tibialis anterior (TA) muscle strength. These results suggest that multisegmental tSCS holds promise for enhancing walking capacity, increasing muscle strength, and altering spinal cord excitability in individuals with incomplete SCI.
Journal Article
Spinal Cord Injury: Pathophysiology, Multimolecular Interactions, and Underlying Recovery Mechanisms
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a destructive neurological and pathological state that causes major motor, sensory and autonomic dysfunctions. Its pathophysiology comprises acute and chronic phases and incorporates a cascade of destructive events such as ischemia, oxidative stress, inflammatory events, apoptotic pathways and locomotor dysfunctions. Many therapeutic strategies have been proposed to overcome neurodegenerative events and reduce secondary neuronal damage. Efforts have also been devoted in developing neuroprotective and neuro-regenerative therapies that promote neuronal recovery and outcome. Although varying degrees of success have been achieved, curative accomplishment is still elusive probably due to the complex healing and protective mechanisms involved. Thus, current understanding in this area must be assessed to formulate appropriate treatment modalities to improve SCI recovery. This review aims to promote the understanding of SCI pathophysiology, interrelated or interlinked multimolecular interactions and various methods of neuronal recovery i.e., neuroprotective, immunomodulatory and neuro-regenerative pathways and relevant approaches.
Journal Article
Disability and Mobile Citizenship in Postsocialist Ukraine
Sarah D. Phillips examines the struggles of disabled persons in Ukraine
and the other former Soviet states to secure their rights during the tumultuous
political, economic, and social reforms of the last two decades. Through participant
observation and interviews with disabled Ukrainians across the social spectrum --
rights activists, politicians, students, workers, entrepreneurs, athletes, and
others -- Phillips documents the creative strategies used by people on the margins
of postsocialist societies to assert claims to mobile citizenship. She
draws on this rich ethnographic material to argue that public storytelling is a
powerful means to expand notions of relatedness, kinship, and social responsibility,
and which help shape a more tolerant and inclusive society.
eBook
Non-invasive spinal cord electrical stimulation for arm and hand function in chronic tetraplegia: a safety and efficacy trial
Cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to permanent impairment of arm and hand functions. Here we conducted a prospective, single-arm, multicenter, open-label, non-significant risk trial that evaluated the safety and efficacy of ARC
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Therapy to improve arm and hand functions in people with chronic SCI. ARC
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Therapy involves the delivery of externally applied electrical stimulation over the cervical spinal cord during structured rehabilitation. The primary endpoints were safety and efficacy as measured by whether the majority of participants exhibited significant improvement in both strength and functional performance in response to ARC
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Therapy compared to the end of an equivalent period of rehabilitation alone. Sixty participants completed the protocol. No serious adverse events related to ARC
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Therapy were reported, and the primary effectiveness endpoint was met. Seventy-two percent of participants demonstrated improvements greater than the minimally important difference criteria for both strength and functional domains. Secondary endpoint analysis revealed significant improvements in fingertip pinch force, hand prehension and strength, upper extremity motor and sensory abilities and self-reported increases in quality of life. These results demonstrate the safety and efficacy of ARC
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Therapy to improve hand and arm functions in people living with cervical SCI. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier:
NCT04697472
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Externally applied electrical stimulation over the cervical spinal cord improves arm and hand functions in people with chronic tetraplegia due to spinal cord injury.
Journal Article