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In the context of the changes and challenges of the 21st century, the main focus of education, especially religious education, is to prepare students to live purposeful and meaningful lives with well-developed analytic, emotional and spiritual abilities to assist them in achieving a life perspective that allows them to face the larger world with greater self-confidence and self-awareness. Therefore, the main objectives of the study are: to bring forward the concepts of religious education, emotional intelligence and spiritual intelligence; to discuss the importance of emotional and spiritual literacy in children’s education; and to discuss the main strategies to enhance the educational process through emotional and spiritual intelligence. This article is a conceptual framework based on a theoretical review. The author reviews literature from books, scientific journals and research reports to develop relevant concepts.ContributionThis study provides information about two important intelligence in Christian Orthodox religious education. Recognising emotional and spiritual intelligence has allowed teachers to engage with students and help them perform at their best. Emotional intelligence and spiritual intelligence promote self-efficacy, self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy and social skills, which help students perform management tasks in their future occupations but also help them to improve relationships with parents, colleagues and God.

Moral reasoning is necessary to the nursing profession. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the mediating role of moral reasoning in spiritual intelligence and caring behaviors among Iranian emergency nurses. In this descriptive-analytical study structural equation modeling (SEM) is employed for the data analysis. the minimum required sample size determined by the number of parameters of the model was 18. Considering that 5 to 15 samples were required for each of the parameters; the required sample size was 272. Nurses working in the emergency department of all hospitals in Qom, Iran, were selected by convenience sampling. Demographic characteristics inventory, King’s Spiritual Intelligence Self-Report Inventory, Crisham’s Nursing Dilemma Test, and Wolf’s Caring Behaviors Inventory used for data collection. SPSS (V20) and Mplus were used to analyze the data. The results showed that a significant direct relationship was observed between moral reasoning and caring behaviors. According to SEM results, direct and indirect effects were observed of spiritual intelligence on caring behavior It is therefore recommended managers and hospital officials pay meticulous attention to spiritual intelligence and the power of decision-making in nurses to improve their caring behaviors. 

Since its conception, environmental education has carried out numerous plans, strategies and programmes aimed at restoring an adequate person–nature relationship, addressing the main environmental problems that threaten the planetary ecosystem balance. Even though environmental education proposes an integral education, it is infrequent that the spiritual dimension of the person appears reflected in its programmes. However, spirituality, which often manifests itself by providing affect and meaningful significant life experiences, aims to be a key factor in the development of lasting pro-environmental behaviours. Promoting and valuing ecological spiritual intelligence is configured as an interesting advance for environmental education. For example, starting from the cultural-naturalistic values provided in every part of the territory. As an example, we propose the one made in the Basque country (Spain), using the spirituality contained in the Basque mythology.

Purpose: Organizational citizenship behaviour may exist among employees who have inner feelings of having better work experiences by using their spiritual experiences, and also to nurture these by creating meaningful ethical work environments. These phenomena have not been sufficiently studied especially in the context of recent corporate scandals and ethical violations. For this reason, this study seeks to enrich the understanding of relationship of spiritual intelligence and its sub constructs on employee citizenship behaviour among the employees who are working in manufacturing and service organization in Malaysia. Design/methodology/approach: This paper examines the effect of spiritual intelligence and its dimensions on organizational citizenship behaviour among the employees who are working in manufacturing and service industries in Malaysia. Data were collected from 112 employees of the organization from 10 manufacturing and 10 service organization in Peninsular Malaysia. Findings: Multiple regression analyses have revealed that employee spiritual intelligence plays an important role for generating citizenship behaviour among employees. The two important dimensions namely critical existential thinking and transcendental awareness of spiritual intelligence are having great effect on organizational citizenship behaviour. Research limitations/implications: Scholars can develop new research agenda first to identify the nature of effects it might have on employee's performance which can boost the ultimate goal of the organization. Practical implications: Through the finding of this empirical study, it is hoped that it can provide some preliminary assessment and knowledge of the effects of spiritual intelligence of employees and how they relate to the OCB. This would be vital for industrial development by adding relevant policies regarding enhancing employees' OCB. Social implications: This study has the capacity to enhance management awareness concerning recruiting people in terms of spiritual intelligence. People from different culture with high level of citizenship behavior can able to get the job. Originality/value: Organizational management may consider making appropriate decisions for nurturing and developing the relevant dimensions of this intelligence that are lacking among the employees in order to inculcate the spirit of OCB and develop a better work environment. Implications of the research findings for management scholars as well as for management professionals are discussed at the end.

Background: Research competence and self-efficacy are crucial skills for medical students, as they significantly enhance their involvement in research activities. The current study aimed to investigate the relationship between spiritual intelligence and academic stress with research selfefficacy in medical students in Ilam. Methods: The statistical population of this descriptive-correlational study included all medical students of higher education in Ilam (Iran) in 2022. The convenience sampling method was employed to select 301 students as the research sample, and the Pearson correlation coefficient was used with stepwise regression for data analysis. The research instruments included the Research Self-Efficacy Scale, Spiritual Intelligence Questionnaire, and Academic Stress Inventory (ASI). Results: The results indicated a significant positive correlation between spiritual intelligence and research self-efficacy, whereas there was a negative significant relationship between academic stress and research self-efficacy (P<0.001). Moreover, spiritual intelligence and academic stress explained 18% of the variance in research self-efficacy of students; however, spiritual intelligence contributed more to research self-efficacy. Conclusion: Given the research results and the pivotal role of students in the future development of every country, it is possible to perceive and believe in their competence in light of a powerful factor such as spirituality.

Background The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly affected global health systems and daily life, exacerbating vulnerabilities, particularly in Indonesia. This study investigates the impact of anxiety and education level on mental health, with spiritual intelligence as an intervening variable among post-COVID-19 patients in Indonesia. Methods Utilizing a cross-sectional design, data were collected from 390 post-COVID-19 patients in Indonesia. Structured questionnaires assessed anxiety, education level, spiritual intelligence, and mental health. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the relationships among these variables. Results The findings indicate that anxiety significantly affects both spiritual intelligence and mental health, with spiritual intelligence acting as a mediating factor. Additionally, higher educational attainment is positively associated with enhanced spiritual intelligence and improved mental health outcomes. Conclusions The study underscores the importance of incorporating spiritual development practices into mental health interventions and educational programs to boost resilience and overall well-being in the post-pandemic era. While these findings are promising, the cross-sectional design limits causal inferences, and future research should consider longitudinal studies to examine these relationships over time. These practices can help mitigate the adverse effects of anxiety and educational disparities on mental health.

Background: Workplace bullying is recognized as a serious problem in the nursing profession, which can have significant negative effects on nurses’ mental health and job performance. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between spiritual intelligence and religious orientation with interpersonal forgiveness among nurses who have been victims of bullying. Methods: This descriptive-correlational study was conducted on a sample of 150 nurses working in hospitals in Tabriz. Data were collected using standardized questionnaires of spiritual intelligence, religious orientation, and interpersonal forgiveness, and analyzed using Pearson correlation and stepwise regression in SPSS-26. Results: The results showed that there is a strong and significant relationship between \"interpersonal forgiveness\" and the overall score of spiritual intelligence (P<0.001, r=0.624). Also, there is a significant and positive correlation between \"interpersonal forgiveness\" and \"understanding and connection with the source of existence,\" \"spiritual life with the inner core,\" and \"intrinsic religious orientation\" (P<0.05). However, no significant relationship was found between interpersonal forgiveness and extrinsic religious orientation (P>0.05). Regression analysis indicated that the component of \"spiritual life with the inner core\" in the first step and \"intrinsic religious orientation\" in the second step could significantly predict interpersonal forgiveness. Thus, spiritual intelligence was a stronger predictor of forgiveness compared to religious orientation. Conclusion: The findings suggest that fostering spiritual intelligence and strengthening intrinsic religious orientation can help nurses cope constructively with the psychological aftermath of bullying and develop forgiveness abilities. These results can serve as a basis for designing educational programs and organizational interventions to improve nurses’ work environments.

Background Due to their presence in clinical educational settings when dealing with patients, medical science students are more affected by mental disorders than other students. Some experts believe that spiritual intelligence enhances people adaptability and compatibility and creates calm in humans, especially in stressful situations. Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between spiritual intelligence and aggression among students of medical sciences in the southeast of Iran. Methods This analytical-descriptive study was conducted among bachelor students of Medical Sciences in the Southeast of Iran and examples of the research were selected from the Schools of Nursing and Midwifery, Public Health, Paramedical and Management by a stratified random sampling method. To examine samples questionnaires were used which examined students' demographic information, and included King's 24-item Questionnaire of Spiritual Intelligence and the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (AQ). After completing the questionnaires, data were analyzed using statistical analysis software (SPSS version18) with a significance level (p < 0.05). Results The results showed that there is a significant negative correlation between spiritual intelligence and aggression of students (r = -0/19, p = 0/001). Results also showed that Students of Medical Sciences in the Southeast of Iran with a spiritual intelligence average score of 52.28 have an average spiritual intelligence and those with an aggression average score of 78.57 have higher aggression than average. Conclusion The results showed that with increasing spiritual intelligence, aggression decreases. The results can be used by policymakers and managers to take steps to reduce aggressive behaviors and mental disorders and for the promotion of spiritual intelligence of students of medical sciences.

Spiritual Intelligence (SI) is an independent concept from spirituality, a unifying and integrative intelligence that can be trained and developed, allowing people to make use of spirituality to enhance daily interaction and problem solving in a sort of spirituality into action. To comprehensively map and analyze current knowledge on SI and understand its impact on mental health and human interactions, we conducted a scoping review following the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology, searching for 'spiritual intelligence' across PubMedCentral, Scopus, WebOfScience, and PsycInfo. Quantitative studies using validated SI instruments and reproducible methodologies, published up to 1 January 2022, were included. Selected references were independently assessed by two reviewers, with any disagreements resolved by a third reviewer. Data were extracted using a data extraction tool previously developed and piloted. From this search, a total of 69 manuscripts from 67 studies were included. Most studies (  = 48) were conducted in educational (  = 29) and healthcare (  = 19) settings, with the Spiritual Intelligence Self Report Inventory (SISRI-24) emerging as the predominant instrument for assessing SI (  = 39). Analysis revealed several notable correlations with SI: resilience (  = 7), general, mental, and spiritual health (  = 6), emotional intelligence (  = 5), and favorable social behaviors and communication strategies (  = 5). Conversely, negative correlations were observed with burnout and stress (  = 5), as well as depression and anxiety (  = 5). These findings prompt a discussion regarding the integration of the SI concept into a revised definition of health by the World Health Organization and underscore the significance of SI training as a preventative health measure.

PurposePractitioners and management researchers have chorused the salvific tendencies of spiritual intelligence. Whilst the emergence of spirituality and its derivatives in the workplace is widely acclaimed, the conflict that exists between spiritual ideals and the capitalist ethos of modern organisations raises questions about dark manifestations. This incongruence necessitates the consideration of the misuse of spiritual intelligence.Design/methodology/approachThis paper adopts conceptual lens and theoretical arguments to interrogate the assumption of absolute constructiveness that is accorded spiritual intelligence in its framing and discusses the potential of a dark side.FindingsThe dark side of spiritual intelligence is its deployment to achieve self-serving purposes, to harm, rather than to help others. More practitioners and management researchers must acknowledge that spiritual intelligence and workplace spirituality may have dark manifestations and incorporate this reality in the assessment of organisations and the individuals within them.Originality/valueThis exploratory article joins the sparse extant literature on the dark side of spiritual intelligence and workplace spirituality. It contributes to the literature by offering critical insights into spiritual intelligence and the need to integrate the potential for misuse in the existing models.