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\"Learn about speed and distance, the laws of motion, angles and more\"-- Provided by publisher.

I estimate the effects of collaborative and adversarial intergroup contact. I randomly assigned Indian men from different castes to participate in cricket leagues or to serve as a control group. League players faced variation in collaborative contact, through random assignment to homogeneous-caste or mixed-caste teams, and adversarial contact, through random assignment of opponents. Collaborative contact increases cross-caste friendships and efficiency in trade, and reduces own-caste favoritism. In contrast, adversarial contact generally reduces cross-caste interaction and efficiency. League participation reduces intergroup differences, suggesting that the positive aspects of intergroup contact more than offset the negative aspects in this setting.

\"Calling all wildlife watchers! These hands-on projects will help you observe animals like never before. Make animal print casts to preserve outdoor animal tracks. Build a bug hotel to keep and observe insects before releasing them. Craft goggles to peek underwater. Use your creations on your next outdoor adventure!\"-- Provided by publisher.

Background The core symptoms of schizophrenia include positive symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions, as well as negative symptoms such as emotional apathy and decreased willpower, accompanied by significant emotional symptoms such as depression and anxiety. These emotional symptoms not only affect the quality of life of patients, but are also closely related to the recurrence and prognosis of the disease. In the treatment of schizophrenia, drug therapy has certain limitations in improving emotional symptoms and may be accompanied by side effects. Traditional ethnic sports play a unique role in promoting physical and mental health. In the general population, studies have shown that traditional ethnic sports can enhance physical fitness, regulate psychological states, and improve social skills. The study aims to apply traditional ethnic sports to the emotional symptoms of patients with schizophrenia, in order to provide new ideas and methods for the auxiliary treatment of schizophrenia. Methods A study was conducted on 60 patients with schizophrenia, ranging in age from 18 to 60 years old, with an average age of 35 years. The duration of the disease ranged from 1 to 10 years, with an average duration of 5 years. Patients were randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group, with 30 cases in each group. The experimental group of patients received traditional ethnic sports intervention, including Tai Chi, Baduanjin and other projects. They underwent three training sessions per week, each lasting 45 minutes, for a total of 12 weeks. The control group patients received routine psychiatric care and rehabilitation guidance, and did not receive traditional ethnic sports training. Before and after the experiment, the Self Rating Depression Scale (SDS) and Self Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) were used to evaluate the depression and anxiety symptoms of the two groups of patients. Results The experimental data comparison is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 (a) shows a significant decrease in SDS scores for the experimental group patients after the experiment, from 60.36 before the experiment to 45.28 after the experiment. The SDS score of the control group patients showed no significant change before and after the experiment, with a pre experiment score of 59.26 and a post experiment score of 57.36. Figure 1 (b) shows the comparison of SAS scores. The SAS scores of the experimental group patients also significantly decreased after the experiment, from 65.96 before the experiment to 50.36 after the experiment. The SAS score of the control group patients did not show significant changes, with a pre experiment score of 64.37 and a post experiment score of 59.31. Discussion After undergoing traditional ethnic sports training, the patient’s depression and anxiety were significantly reduced, and their mental symptoms also improved to a certain extent. This may be due to the fact that traditional ethnic sports promote the balance of neurotransmitters in the brain through physical exercise, such as increasing the secretion of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, thereby improving the emotional state of patients.

\"Calling all campers! These handy projects will help you set up camp like never before. Turn a plastic bag into an outdoor shower. Sew a cozy sleeping bag. Craft a case to protect your cell phone from water. Use your creations on your next outdoor adventure!\"-- Provided by publisher.

Observed choices between risky lotteries are difficult to reconcile with expected utility maximization, both because subjects appear to be too risk averse with regard to small gambles for this to be explained by diminishing marginal utility of wealth, as stressed by Rabin (2000), and because subjects’ responses involve a random element. We propose a unified explanation for both anomalies, similar to the explanation given for related phenomena in the case of perceptual judgments: they result from judgments based on imprecise (and noisy) mental representations of the decision situation. In this model, risk aversion results from a sort of perceptual bias—but one that represents an optimal decision rule, given the limitations of the mental representation of the situation. We propose a quantitative model of the noisy mental representation of simple lotteries, based on other evidence regarding numerical cognition, and test its ability to explain the choice frequencies that we observe in a laboratory experiment.

In an experiment on Airbnb, we find that applications from guests with distinctively African American names are 16 percent less likely to be accepted relative to identical guests with distinctively white names. Discrimination occurs among landlords of all sizes, including small landlords sharing the property and larger landlords with multiple properties. It is most pronounced among hosts who have never had an African American guest, suggesting only a subset of hosts discriminate. While rental markets have achieved significant reductions in discrimination in recent decades, our results suggest that Airbnb's current design choices facilitate discrimination and raise the possibility of erasing some of these civil rights gains.

The author analyzes the impact of online ads on the advertiser's competitors, using data from randomized field experiments on a restaurant-search website. He finds that ads increase the chances of sales for nonadvertised restaurants significantly. The spillover benefits are concentrated on restaurants that serve the advertiser's cuisine and have a high rating on the restaurant-search website. The extent of spillovers also depends on the intensity of the advertising effort. The spillovers are largest when the intensity (frequency) of advertising is low. As the intensity increases, the spillovers disappear and the advertiser gains more sales. These patterns are consistent with the following mechanism: ads increase the chance of consumers buying the advertised product but also remind consumers of similar (nonadvertised) options. Higher ad intensity leads to a stronger direct effect favoring the advertiser and can offset the spillover caused by the broader reminder.

Can exposure to celebrities from stigmatized groups reduce prejudice? To address this question, we study the case of Mohamed Salah, a visibly Muslim, elite soccer player. Using data on hate crime reports throughout England and 15 million tweets from British soccer fans, we find that after Salah joined Liverpool F.C., hate crimes in the Liverpool area dropped by 16% compared with a synthetic control, and Liverpool F.C. fans halved their rates of posting anti-Muslim tweets relative to fans of other top-flight clubs. An original survey experiment suggests that the salience of Salah’s Muslim identity enabled positive feelings toward Salah to generalize to Muslims more broadly. Our findings provide support for the parasocial contact hypothesis—indicating that positive exposure to out-group celebrities can spark real-world behavioral changes in prejudice.

A fundamental debate in social sciences concerns how individual judgments and choices, resulting from psychological mechanisms, are manifested in collective economic behavior. Economists emphasize the capacity of markets to aggregate information distributed among traders into rational equilibrium prices. However, psychologists have identified pervasive and systematic biases in individual judgment that they generally assume will affect collective behavior. In particular, recent studies have found that judged likelihoods of possible events vary systematically with the way the entire event space is partitioned, with probabilities of each of N partitioned events biased toward 1/N. Thus, combining events into a common partition lowers perceived probability, and unpacking events into separate partitions increases their perceived probability. We look for evidence of such bias in various prediction markets, in which prices can be interpreted as probabilities of upcoming events. In two highly controlled experimental studies, we find clear evidence of partition dependence in a 2-h laboratory experiment and a field experiment on National Basketball Association (NBA) and Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA World Cup) sports events spanning several weeks. We also find evidence consistent with partition dependence in nonexperimental field data from prediction markets for economic derivatives (guessing the values of important macroeconomic statistics) and horse races. Results in any one of the studies might be explained by a specialized alternative theory, but no alternative theories can explain the results of all four studies. We conclude that psychological biases in individual judgment can affect market prices, and understanding those effects requires combining a variety of methods from psychology and economics.