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Background School sports coaching is gaining recognition as a formal profession worldwide, highlighting its significant role in students’ holistic development. Given the complex social and cultural dimensions of the role, this study explores a coaching competence model tailored to the school context, emphasizing the need to consider both national and local frameworks to ensure effective implementation. In China, school sport coaches are responsible for both physical education teaching and sports training across all types of schools. Within the integration of sports and education, school sport coaches can expand their impact not only on student-athletes or athletes but also on general students in practice. Compared with physical education teachers’ perspectives, sports coaches’ competence development has rarely been studied. This study aims to develop a sustainable Chinese school sports coaching competence model. Methods The qualitative data were gathered mainly through semi-structured interviews. School sports coaches and related stakeholders ( N  = 22) were selected as participants using purposive sampling techniques. Grounded theory was employed to analyse the data via NVivo 11.0 software. Results The school sports coaching competence model comprises three categories consisting of 15 sub-categories, 92 concepts, and 317 labels. These categories are as follows: (a) Perception of identity, encompassing role of the coach, reflection on students, and understanding of policies; (b) Code of ethics, which includes sports virtues, sports-humanistic spirit, and principles of movement science; (c) Coaching excellence, comprising lifestyle and fitness strength, local sports development, teacher-coach partnership, leadership in extracurricular activities, safety and injury protection, athlete selection and training, instruction and demonstration, coaching reflective practice, and athlete-coach rapport. Conclusion Chinese school sport coaching competence model emphasizes the integration of sports and education for student development. It provides both local and national perspectives to enhance the professional development of school sports coaches’ community worldwide.

Background China possesses the largest aging population globally and is experiencing the most rapid demographic transitions, presenting substantial public health challenges. In response, the Healthy China strategy has emphasized the integration of sports and medicine as a key initiative for monitoring and promotion, with a particular focus on community services. This study employed grounded theory classification coding to identify core concepts and key factors. It systematically constructed a theoretical model for integrating sports and medicine into community elderly services, while conducting a developmental pathway analysis that compares major international models with China's practical approach. The overarching aim was to jointly advance public health and enhance the nation's overall well-being. Methods Utilizing grounded theory and NVivo, this study analyzed policies, reports, and cases related to the integration of sports medicine. Through open, axial, and selective coding with constant comparative analysis, it identified key factors of integrated model services. Consequently, a theoretical framework and operational model were constructed for China, elucidating contextual conditions, stakeholder interactions, multi-actor collaboration, and implementation pathways for community-dwelling older adults. Discussion This study delineates the operational characteristics, performance outcomes, and bottlenecks of four service typologies. It offers critical appraisal of their respective merits and limitations, while emphasizing how policy directives steer their development. This comparative synthesis substantiates the practical feasibility and conceptual robustness of the proposed model, demonstrating its capacity to enhance integrated community-based service delivery. Conclusion A total of 355,796 characters of text were included, resulting in the construction of 981 coding reference points, identified 13 critical categories and the core concepts underpinning the integration of sports and medicine services for the elderly. The proposal of four distinct and innovative community integration models: the Sports-led Model, the Medicine-led Model, the Technology-driven Model, and the Talent-driven Model. These models offer specific and actionable guidance for developing diversified and efficient elderly health services within the community.

The notion of sport policy is a relatively recent subject of study, but it has been frequently used over the last 20 years, particularly referring to governmental sport policies. However, less research has been conducted in the field of national sport federations (NSFs), which are key non-governmental structures in governing, organising and sustaining the development of sports. The objective of this article is to propose a conceptualisation of the notion of sport policy adapted to NSFs. The proposed approach consists of two steps: first, we conducted an extensive integrative literature review around the notion of sport policy. Second, based on the literature review, we developed a model that conceptualises what an NSF sport policy is. This conceptual model is intended to be a useful analytical tool to design, implement and assess the success of a sport policy for both researchers and practitioners working in the field of NSFs.

Background With the rising incidence of chronic diseases in China, national health management has become increasingly important. The integration of sports and health has become a strategic priority for promoting public health and improving the nation’s health level. This study constructs a theoretical model of sports and health integration, exploring how scientific fitness can contribute to promoting active health, especially within the context of the “Healthy China” initiative. Methods This research proposes a comprehensive theoretical framework that combines the “12345 pyramid model of sports and health integration” with the closed-loop service model of scientific fitness. The framework includes various elements such as fitness knowledge learning, health status assessments, specialized exercise training, exercise monitoring, and feedback, aiming to promote lifelong physical activity and optimize health outcomes across different demographic groups. Results Promoting fitness knowledge education and chronic disease management has significantly increased public awareness of scientific fitness. Regular health screenings and assessments of exercise capacity help create personalized exercise prescriptions, enhancing participation in physical activities. The closed-loop feedback mechanism ensures continuous improvement in fitness levels and supports long-term engagement in healthy behaviors. Conclusions The sports and health integration theoretical model presented in this study offers an actionable and practical framework to support the implementation of the “Healthy China” initiative. By integrating resources, technologies, and interdisciplinary collaboration, the scientific fitness model can significantly enhance public health, reduce the burden of chronic diseases, and provide a solid foundation for future policy implementation and industry development.

Background The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on individual health and fitness routines globally. Resistance training, in particular, has become increasingly popular among men and women looking to maintain or improve their physical fitness during the pandemic. However, using Anabolic Steroids (AS) for performance enhancement in resistance training has known adverse effects. Thus, this study aimed to explore the prevalence of AS use among men and women resistance training practitioners after the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 3,603 resistance training practitioners (1,855 men and 1,748 women) in various geographical locations impacted by COVID-19. The participants were asked to complete self-administered questionnaires, which included questions regarding demographic information, training habits, and current or prior usage of AS. The data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software and the chi-square method, with a significance level of ( P  < 0.05). Results A total of 3603 men and women resistance training practitioners completed the survey. In the study, 53.05% of men and 41.99% of women used anabolic and androgenic steroids. Of those men who used steroids, 29.47% used Testosterone, while 31.20% of women used Winstrol. Additionally, 50.30% of men used steroids via injection, while 49.05% of women used them orally. According to the study, 49.99% of the participants had 6 to 12 months of experience with resistance training, and 64.25% of them underwent three training sessions per week. The analysis using the χ2 test did not reveal any significant difference between men and women in terms of duration of bodybuilding, frequency per week, and engagement in other activities. Conclusion This study shows that a significant proportion of men and women resistance training practitioners used AS, particularly among young adults with limited training experience. Thus, there is a need for targeted education and awareness campaigns to address the hazards of AS use and promote healthy training habits during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background Our study aimed to examine the well-being of students studying at the three (non-medical) faculties of Semmelweis University Budapest, to analyse the relationships between well-being, stress, emotional support, sleep patterns, sport, and further variables like smoking, consumption of sleeping pills, sedatives, psychoactive agents, energy drinks, and exam anxiety. Methods In our cross-sectional study, we asked 561 students of the Semmelweis University of Budapest; two internationally recognised instruments were used: the WHO-5 well-being index and the Perceived Stress Scale. Results The mean WHO-5 well-being index was 42.62  ±  20.51 on a scale ranging from 0 to 100. We saw an inverse correlation between student well-being and years of study. The average anxiety level regarding oral exams and assessments was 7.63  ±  SD = 2.04, while the mean level was lower concerning written exams and assessments 5.74  ±  SD = 2.09. The result of a linear regression model indicates that the best level of explaining power by the regression model was with following variables combination: grade average + anxiety before written exam + academic year + stress. Conclusion Our data indicate that some students have poor or very poor well-being, which fluctuates over the study period. The worst state was found in the first and final academic year. The students’ well-being level is positively correlated with emotional support, physical activity, and quality of sleep and correlates negatively with anxiety before exams. Our results suggest that well-being could be improved when universities play an active role, supporting influential activities and offering help regarding coping with stress, like stress management, as well as by providing information on learning methods and techniques.

Background The benefits of physical activity for the mental health and well-being of children and young people are well-established. Increased physical activity during school hours is associated with better physical, psychological and social health and well‐being. Unfortunately many children and young people exercise insufficiently to benefit from positive factors like well-being. The main aim of this study is to develop, implement and evaluate a multi-component, school-based, physical activity intervention to improve psychosocial well-being among school-aged children and youths from the 4 th to the 6 th grade (10–13 years). Methods A four-phased intervention – design, pilot, RCT, evaluation - is carried out for the development, implementation and evaluation of the intervention which are guided by The Medical Research Council framework for the development of complex interventions. 24 schools have been randomized and the total study population consists of 3124 children (baseline), who are followed over a period of 9 months. Outcome measure data at the pupil level are collected using an online questionnaire at baseline and at follow-up, 9 months later with instruments for measuring primary (general physical self-worth) and secondary outcomes (self-perceived sport competences, body attractiveness, scholastic competences, social competences and global self-worth; enjoyment of PA; self-efficacy; and general well-being) that are both valid and manageable in setting-based research. The RE-AIM framework is applied as an overall instrument to guide the evaluation. Discussion The intervention focuses on the mental benefits of physical activity at school, which has been a rather neglected theme in health promotion research during recent decades. This is unfortunate as mental health has been proclaimed as one of the most important health concerns of the 21 st century. Applying a cluster RCT study design, evaluating the real-world effectiveness of the intervention, this study is one of the largest physical activity intervention projects promoting psychosocial well-being among children and youths. Through a comprehensive effectiveness evaluation and a similar substantial process evaluation, this study is designed to gain knowledge on a broad variety of implementation issues and give detailed information on project delivery and challenges at the school level – among other things to better inform future practice. Trial registration Date of registration: 24 April 2015 retrospectively registered at Current Controlled Trials with study ID ISRCTN12496336

There is no consensus on what makes for a livable urban environment. This requires empirical assessment of the relationship between urban characteristics and the happiness of residents. We took stock of the available research findings, using the World Database of Happiness; 445 findings are considered, from 20 nations over the years 1975–2022. We considered 3 aspects of the urban environment, 1) objectively assessed characteristics, 2) subjective perception of urban characteristics and 3) satisfaction with urban characteristics. Urbanites tend to be happier in places characterized by the following objectively assessed features: a) access to local green/nature, b) access to cultural facilities and leisure amenities, c) access to healthcare, d) access to public goods such as access to sewage and water supply and e) access to public spaces. On the other hand, residents tend to be less happy the closer they live to f) shops, g) public transportation hubs and h) the city center. Subjectively perceived environmental characteristics that go with greater happiness are: i) amenities, j) public goods in vicinity k) playground and sport facilities, while l) perceived air pollution is negatively linked to happiness. Residents were found to be happier the more satisfied they are with m) connectivity and local transport, n) local recreation o) water quality and the, p) environment as-a-whole. Correlations with objectively assessed characteristics. with the urban environment are smaller than with subjective perceptions of the same and differ in direction for living close to q) shops and r) public transportation hubs. While objective closeness to these amenities relates negatively to happiness, subjectively perceived availability and satisfaction with these amenities relates positively to happiness. Most of the available findings are of a cross-sectional nature and do not inform us about cause and effect. This strand of research is still in its infancy. By lack of a sound evidence base, claims about livability of urban settings will remain a matter of subjective hunches and sales-talk.

The rise in interest of plant-based protein foods has been meteoric, often leading to calls to adopt exclusively plant-based diets to reduce the intake of animal-based foods. In addition to impacts on human health, moving to an exclusively plant-based (or indeed animal-based) diet may have detrimental implications in terms of environmental sustainability. The impact of a rapid growth in global population on the sustainability of food systems poses clear consequences for the environment and thus warrants careful consideration at a national and, in some cases, global level. The requirement for high-quality dietary protein in an ageing population to offset chronic disease, such as sarcopenia, is an additional consideration. A reductionist approach to this sustainability issue is to advise a global population switch to plant-based diets. From a dietary protein perspective, the sustainability of different non-animal-derived protein sources is a complex issue. In this review, first we describe the role of dietary protein in combatting the age-related decline in skeletal muscle mass. Next, we explore the efficacy and sustainability of protein sources beyond animal-based proteins to facilitate skeletal muscle remodelling in older age. Taking a holistic approach, we discuss protein sources in terms of the muscle anabolic potential, environmental considerations with a predominant focus on greenhouse gas emissions across the food chain, the relevance of global malnutrition, and nation- and local-specific nutritional needs for dietary protein choices and food systems. Finally, we discuss implications for environmental sustainability and explore the potential of a trade-off between diet quality and environmental sustainability with food choices and recommendations.