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This book explores the results of language contact in Michif, traditionally considered a mixed language that combines a French noun phrase with a Cree verb phrase. The authors show that contact does not create a whole new language category and that Michif should instead be considered an Algonquian language with French contact influence.

This book consolidates earlier insights and proposes a model of contact linguistics and an innovative approach to the study of bilingualism. It explores the nature of major language contact phenomena, especially lexical borrowing, mixed languages, bilingual lexical and grammatical processing and representations, second language acquisition, codeswitching, and interlanguage. It examines the universal principles governing grammatical structures of languages in contact and differentiates the lexical and grammatical features of morphemes as outcomes of language contact. The proposed approach describes and explains some outstanding linguistic aspects of bilingualism with a focus on the mechanisms of the bilingual mind during bilingual processing and production at several levels of abstract lexical structure. Abundant naturally occurring examples support the claim that the languages in contact are never equally activated and that language-specific abstract entries in the bilingual mental lexicon are in contact, resulting in mutual influence during codeswitching, second language learning, and interlanguage development.

Spanish Diversity in the Amazon focusses on Spanish varieties spoken in the Peruvian, Ecuadorean and Colombian Amazon, and this volume is the first of its kind. It introduces studies on theoretical, methodological and descriptive studies on linguistic, typological, ethnographic, and contact linguistics perspectives.

The quantitative analysis of linguistic data has been used in variational linguistics to reveal relationships between varieties and distribution patterns of linguistic variants that have often been hidden from traditional methodologies. This research approach helps to understand the spatial organization of varieties in a more comprehensive way, as well as the similarities and differences between them, regardless of their classification as languages or regional varieties. Nevertheless, neither modern methodology nor traditional dialectology has yet given much attention to the analysis of the lexical transfer that occurs between varieties that are in close geographical contact, be they varieties of the same or two different languages. The purpose of this article is to show how dialectometric techniques can be used to analyse the contact between linguistic varieties, as well as to identify the distributional patterns of loan words. The data analysed are taken from a Galician linguistic geography project - a Romance variety spoken in north-western Spain - carried out in the 1970s (“Atlas Lingüístico Galego” - “Galician Language Atlas”). The lexical variables studied contain Galician and Spanish variants. The dialectometric methods used make it possible to identify geographical distribution patterns for the Spanish variants, to identify areas that are more resistant to the inclusion of loan words, and to evaluate the influence that extralinguistic factors can have on the distribution of loan words. Finally, the paper shows the usefulness of quantitative methods to provide a more comprehensive description of contact-induced language change. Die quantitative Analyse linguistischer Daten wurde in der Varietätenlinguistik verwendet, um Beziehungen zwischen Varietäten und Verbreitungsmustern sprachlicher Varianten zu offenbaren, die den traditionellen Methodiken häufig verborgen blieben. Dieser Forschungsansatz hilft dabei, die räumliche Organisation der Varietäten auf umfassendere Weise zu verstehen, ebenso wie die zwischen ihnen bestehenden Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede, und zwar unabhängig von ihrer Klassifikation als Sprachen oder regionale Varietäten. Trotzdem hat sich bisher weder die moderne Methodik noch die traditionelle Dialektologie eingehend mit der Analyse des lexikalischen Transfers befasst, der sich zwischen Varietäten ergibt, die in engem geographischem Kontakt stehen, seien dies nun Varietäten derselben Sprache oder zweier verschiedener Sprachen. Dieser Artikel möchte zeigen, auf welche Art dialektometrische Verfahren auch für die Analyse des Kontakts zwischen linguistischen Varietäten verwendet werden können, ebenso wie für die Erkennung der Verbreitungsmuster von Lehnwörtern. Die analysierten Daten sind einem Projekt der Sprachgeografie des Galicischen - einer romanischen Varietät, die im Nordwesten Spaniens gesprochen wird - entnommen, das in den 70er Jahren des vergangenen Jahrhunderts verwirklicht wurde („Atlas Lingüístico Galego“ - „Galicischer Sprachatlas“). Die untersuchten lexikalischen Variablen enthalten galicische und spanische Varianten. Die angewandten dialektometrischen Verfahren ermöglichen es, geografische Verbreitungsmuster für die spanischen Varianten zu erkennen, Gebiete zu identifizieren, die der Eingliederung von Lehnwörtern eher widerstehen, und auch den Einfluss zu bewerten, den extralinguistische Faktoren auf die Verbreitung von Lehnwörtern haben können. Schließlich zeigt die Arbeit den Nutzen quantitativer Methoden, um eine umfassendere Beschreibung von kontaktbedingtem Sprachwandel zu geben.

Long description: Les situations hétérogènes de contact linguistique et le plurilinguisme présentent toujours un défi épistémologique pour la recherche. Le type de contact linguistique, les langues impliquées, les enjeux sociaux d’une société et ses groupes sociaux différents ainsi que la culture du plurilinguisme sont des facteurs importants qui en font un objet de recherche très complexe et difficilement généralisable. Ce volume contient des études qui essaient d’apprivoiser cette complexité en analysant des situations différentes de contact linguistique et de plurilinguisme en Amérique et en Europe pour en montrer les enjeux et proposer de nouvelles théories et méthodes multidisciplinaires pour les appréhender. Le volume contient également des discussions sur les nouvelles possibilités de recueillir des données linguistiques relevant des usages stigmatisés ou des sources nouvelles pour analyser aussi bien l’usage linguistique que les évaluations que les gens en font ainsi que les métadiscours qui circulent sur ces usages. Biographical note: Benjamin Peter est titulaire d’un doctorat sur la construction discursive de l’andalou et habilitant dans le domaine des temps verbaux dans les variétés du français parlées en Amérique. Il travaille actuellement à l’Université de Kiel.

When Creoles and Spanish Collide: Language and Culture in the Caribbean presents a contemporary look on how Creole English communities in Central America grapple with evolving Creole identity and representation, language contact with Spanish, language endangerment, discrimination, and linguistic creativity.

The book specifies a corpus architecture, including annotation and querying techniques, and its implementation. The corpus architecture is developed for empirical studies of translations, and beyond those for the study of texts which are inter-lingually comparable, particularly texts of similar registers. The compiled corpus, CroCo, is a resource for research and is, with some copyright restrictions, accessible to other research projects. Most of the research was undertaken as part of a DFG-Project into linguistic properties of translations. Fundamentally, this research project was a corpus-based investigation into the language pair English-German. The long-term goal is a contribution to the study of translation as a contact variety, and beyond this to language comparison and language contact more generally with the language pair English - German as our object languages. This goal implies a thorough interest in possible specific properties of translations, and beyond this in an empirical translation theory. The methodology developed is not restricted to the traditional exclusively system-based comparison of earlier days, where real-text excerpts or constructed examples are used as mere illustrations of assumptions and claims, but instead implements an empirical research strategy involving structured data (the sub-corpora and their relationships to each other, annotated and aligned on various theoretically motivated levels of representation), the formation of hypotheses and their operationalizations, statistics on the data, critical examinations of their significance, and interpretation against the background of system-based comparisons and other independent sources of explanation for the phenomena observed. Further applications of the resource developed in computational linguistics are outlined and evaluated.

The book examines the development and maintenance of a minority language, engaging on both micro and macro levels to address open questions in the field.Guardado provides a history of the study of language maintenance, including discussion of language socialization, cosmopolitan identities, and home practices.

A remarkable example of Spanish-Italian contact is the Spanish variety spoken in Buenos Aires (Porteño), which is said to be prosodically \"Italianized\" due to migration-induced contact. The change in Porteño prosody has been interpreted as a result of transfer from the first language (L1) that occurred when Italian immigrants learned Spanish as a second language (L2). This article aims to examine if and to what extent prosodic features that are typical of Italian show up in Porteño and in L2 Castilian Spanish produced by Italian native speakers. Specifically, the authors investigated speech rhythm and the realization of yes-no questions in Porteño and L2 Castilian Spanish in comparison to Italian and L1 Castilian Spanish. They hypothesized that Italian, Porteño, and L2 Castilian Spanish would exhibit similar rhythm patterns, showing high values for the percentage of vocalic material, the variation coefficient of vocalic intervals, and the speech-rate-normalized pairwise variability index for vowels as well as high frequencies of rising prenuclear accents, with the peak located at the end of the syllable (L+H*) and falling final contours in yes-no questions, in contrast to Castilian Spanish. The results confirm our predictions for speech rhythm but not entirely for the intonation of yes-no questions. (Verlag, adapt.).