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A man for all oceans : Captain Joshua Slocum and the first solo voyage around the world
\"In June 1898, a little more than three years after departing Boston in his rebuilt oyster sloop Spray, Captain Joshua Slocum made landfall in New England and became the first person ever to sail alone around the world. The voyage capped a lifetime of adventure for the indomitable Slocum, who had advanced from seaman to captain and owner during the challenging final years of commercial sail, surviving hurricanes, mutinies, shipwreck, financial ruin, and the death at sea of his first wife and soulmate. Slocum's book about his circumnavigation, Sailing Alone Around the World, is a seafaring classic and has never been out of printing since its publication in 1900. But Slocum the man has remained unknowable, the shape of his life as elusive as a ship on a fogbound sea. Now, at last, A Man for All Oceans reveals the man in full. A sailor himself, Stan Grayson has plumbed previously untapped original source materials to follow one of history's greatest sailors from obscure beginnings across the watery globe and the dying years of the great Age of Sail.\"--Page [2] of cover.
Book
Herstellung und Modifikation von Partikel-Polymer-Kompositen durch Wirbelschichtsprühgranulation und Sprühtrocknung
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden die Wirbelschichtsprühgranulation und das Sprühtrocknungsverfahren zur skalierbaren Herstellung von bioinspirierten Kompositmaterialien untersucht. Ziel war es, Primärpartikel möglichst kleiner Partikelgröße mit Polymer zu beschichten, anschließend durch Warmkompaktierung zu Kompositpellets zu verpressen und deren mechanische Eigenschaften zu untersuchen. Zur Optimierung der Eigenschaften wurden sowohl unterschiedliche Materialien als auch unterschiedliche Partikelgrößen und -formen untersucht. Zur Grenzflächenoptimierung wurden außerdem Oberflächenfunktionalisierungen durchgeführt, um kovalente Bindungen zwischen den Partikeln und dem Polymeren zu ermöglichen.In this work, fluidized bed spray granulation and the spray drying process were investigated for the scalable production of bioinspired composite materials. The aim was to coat primary particles of the smallest possible particle size with polymer, then compress them to composite pellets by warm compaction and investigate their mechanical properties. To optimize the properties, different materials as well as different particle sizes and shapes were investigated. For interfacial optimization, surface functionalization was also performed to enable covalent bonds between particles and polymers.
eBook
Field assessment of a pulse width modulation (PWM) spray system applying different spray volumes: duty cycle and forward speed effects on vines spray coverage
The pulse width modulation (PWM) spray system is the most advanced technology to obtain variable rate spray application without varying the operative sprayer parameters (e.g. spray pressure, nozzle size). According to the precision agriculture principles, PWM is the prime technology that allows to spray the required amount where needed without varying the droplet size spectra which benefits both the uniformity of spray quality and the spray drift reduction. However, some concerns related to the effect of on–off solenoid valves and the alternating on/off action of adjacent nozzles on final uneven spray coverage (SC) have arisen. Further evaluations of PWM systems used for spraying 3D crops under field conditions are welcomed. A tower-shaped airblast sprayer equipped with a PWM was tested in a vineyard. Twelve configurations, combining duty cycles (DC: 30, 50, 70, 100%) and forward speeds (FS: 4, 6, 8 km h−1), were tested. Two methodologies, namely field-standardized and real field conditions, were adopted to evaluate the effect of DC and FS on (1) SC variability (CV%) along both the sprayer travel direction and the vertical spray profile using long water sensitive papers (WSP), and (2) SC uniformity (IU, index value) within the canopy at different depths and heights, respectively. Furthermore, the SC (%) and deposit density (Nst, no stains cm−2), determined using short WSP, were used to evaluate the spray application performances taking into account the spray volumes applied. Under field-controlled conditions, the pulsing of the PWM system affects both the SC variability measured along the sprayer travel direction and along the vertical spray profile. In contrast, under real field conditions, the PWM system does not affect the uniformity of SC measured within the canopy. The relationship between SC and Nst allowed identification of the ranges of 200–250 and 300–370 l ha−1 as the most suitable spray volumes to be applied for insecticide and fungicide plant protection products, respectively.
Journal Article
The Influence of Newly Developed Spray Drift Reduction Agents on Drift Mitigation by Means of Wind Tunnel and Field Evaluation Methods
Pesticide spray drift has been a worldwide concern in terms of potential environmental pollution and ecosystem damage. This study defined the main drift reduction agent (DRA) characteristics that help to understand the drift formation process in agricultural spraying. Seven various DRAs and water were evaluated. Three solutions were created based on the following materials: calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, benzenesulfonic acid, C10-13-alkyl derivatives, and calcium salt. Drift measurements were performed by means of the open circuit-type wind tunnel and in the field under conditionally controlled conditions. Air-injector flat spray nozzles and standard flat spray nozzles were used during trials. The spray pressure was 4.0 bar. Solutions were sprayed at different wind speeds (from 2 m s−1 to 10 m s−1, increasing every 2 m s−1). Studies have shown that wind speed and nozzle design have the greatest influence on spray drift. For all DRA solutions studied, the standard flat spray nozzles resulted in ground spray drift, both in the wind tunnel and in the field, which was about two times higher than that of air-injector flat spray nozzles. The spraying of water and all DRA solutions with the air-injector flat spray nozzle showed that all new solutions statistically significantly reduced the drift both in the tunnel and in the field. Ground-drift studies in the wind tunnel showed a trend towards a less intense drift reduction in DRA droplets with increasing wind speed. With DRA7e, the drift can be reduced by up to 56% (at a wind speed of 4 m s−1) and up to 30% (at 10 m s−1). The effect of the solutions on the reduction in spray drift is significantly lower when spraying with standard flat spray nozzles. Spray drift can then be reduced by up to 30% (at a wind speed of 4 m s−1) and up to 12% (at 10 m s−1) for DRA7e.
Journal Article
Small fraction of marine cloud condensation nuclei made up of sea spray aerosol
Sea spray aerosols impact Earth’s radiation balance by directly scattering solar radiation. They also act as cloud condensation nuclei, thereby altering cloud properties including reflectivity, lifetime and extent. The influence of sea spray aerosol on cloud properties is thought to be particularly strong over remote ocean regions devoid of continental particles. Yet the contribution of sea spray aerosol to the population of cloud condensation nuclei in the marine boundary layer remains poorly understood. Here, using a lognormal-mode-fitting procedure, we isolate sea spray aerosols from measurements of particle size and abundance over the Pacific, Southern, Arctic and Atlantic oceans to determine the contribution of sea spray aerosol to the population of cloud condensation nuclei in the marine boundary layer. On a global basis, with the exception of the high southern latitudes, sea spray aerosol makes a contribution of less than 30% to the cloud condensation nuclei population for air that is supersaturated at 0.1 to 1.0%—the supersaturation range typical of marine boundary layer clouds. Instead, the cloud condensation nuclei population between 70° S and 80° N is composed primarily of non-sea-salt sulfate aerosols, due to large-scale meteorological features that result in entrainment of particles from the free troposphere.
Sea spray aerosols are thought to alter cloud properties in remote ocean regions. Aerosol analyses over four ocean regions reveal that these aerosols represent less than 30% of cloud condensation nuclei in typical marine boundary layer clouds.
Journal Article
COMPARISON OF TWO TYPES OF SENSORS AND THEIR EFFECT ON SPRAY QUALITY PEAR TREES
This study was aimed to reduce the amount of the sprayed solution lost during trees spraying. At the same time, the concentration of the sprayed solution on the target (tree or bush) must be ensured and to find the best combination of treatments. Two factors controls the spraying process: (i) spraying speed (1.2 km/h, 2.4 km/h, 3.6 km/h), and (ii) the type of sensor. The test results showed a significant loss reduction percentage. It reached (6.05%, 5.39% and 2.05%) at the speed (1.2 km/h, 2.4 km/h, 3.6 km/h), respectively. It was noticed that when the speed becomes higher the loss becomes less accordingly. The interaction between the 3.6 km/h speed and the type of Ultrasonic sensor led to a decrease in the percentage of the spray losses reached to 1.69. For the coverage percentage, the increase in the spraying speed from 1.2 km/h to 2.4 km/h, and then to 3.6 km/h led to a significant decrease in the percentage of coverage (from 17.73% to 13.14%, and then to 11.12%), respectively. The interaction between the type of sensor and the speed has significantly affected the spray density. The speed was 3.6 km/h, and the type of Ultrasonic sensor was superior in obtaining the highest spray density of 83.2 drops/cm2.
Journal Article
Salt Spray Distribution and Its Impact on Vegetation Zonation on Coastal Dunes
Salt spray mainly originates from the bursting of bubbles in breaking waves and is often considered as one of the dominant factors contributing to vegetation zonation in coastal dunes. In this paper, the literature on salt spray distribution and impact on dune plants are reviewed. Salt spray distribution is greatly affected by wave energy, wind conditions, distance from the coast, topography, vegetation, precipitation, and sand/soil properties. The amount of salt accumulation and trapping efficiency of the vegetative canopy are largely dependent on the plant characteristics such as architecture and leaf morphology. Salt concentrations in sand mainly vary with soil texture. Salt spray has negative impacts on plant growth and can cause water stress, promote tissue necrosis and leaf loss, reduce stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, photosynthesis, affect assimilates, or hormone supply to the growing organs. Damage to plants is increased by sand and wind abrasion and insect damage on leaves. High humidity, dew formation, light drizzle, and fog increase the rates of salt uptake by plant leaves. Plant seedlings and reproductive organs are more significantly affected by salt spray compared with mature plants and plant leaves respectively. Salt spray can also provide nutrition to plants particularly in coastal dunes with lower soil nutrition and salt accumulation rates. Species near the sea often show phenological, morphological, and physiological adaptations to salt spray including dormant times/seasons, low heights, compacted and asymmetrical canopies, unique leaf morphologies and/or orientations, dense hairs, rigid cuticles, and closed stomata. Surfactants produced from human activities can aggravate the damage on plants at average salt spray levels. Methods to trap salt vary considerably in the literature, and results from different studies may not be comparable due to trap type, placement, and landscape position. Greenhouse versus field experiments and sampling may not always be compatible. The relations between salt spray distribution and vegetation zonation will be further complicated under climate change and human activities.
Journal Article
Experimental Study of High-Pressure Reacting and Non-reacting Sprays for Various Gasoline Blends
Research into efficient internal combustion (IC) engines need to continue as the majority of vehicles will still be powered by IC or hybrid powertrains in the foreseeable future. Recently, lean-burn gasoline compression ignition (GCI) with high-pressure direct injection has been receiving considerable attention among the research community due to its ability to improve thermal efficiency and reduce emissions. To maximize GCI benefits in engine efficiency and emissions tradeoff, co-optimization of the combustion system and fuel formation is required. Thus, it is essential to study the spray characteristics of different fuels under engine-like operating conditions. In this work, high-pressure spray characteristics are experimentally studied for three blends of gasoline, namely, Naphtha, E30, and research octane number (RON) 98. A single-hole custom-built injector was used to inject fuel into a constant volume chamber with injection pressure varying from 40 MPa to 100 MPa. The chamber pressure was varied from 4 MPa to 7 MPa. The spray parameters measured were liquid and vapor penetration, liquid and vapor spray plume angle, and spray and flame luminosity area for reacting and non-reacting sprays. The measurement techniques used were shadowgraphy, Schlieren method, and flame luminosity area measurement. Liquid penetration followed the fuel density pattern and was shortest for Naphtha, followed by RON 98 and E30. The increase in injection pressure did not significantly affect liquid penetration, but improved atomization as well as reduced soot intensity. In addition, vapor penetration was increased on account of higher injection velocity and vaporized mass. The higher chamber pressure drastically reduced liquid and vapor penetration on account of increased drag. Compared to non-reacting sprays, vapor penetration and spray plume angle for reacting sprays deviated according to the fuel type. Ignition of the fuel increased vapor penetration and spray plume angle due to the expansion of hot gases. Naphtha ignited the earliest on account of its low RON and high volatility. It had the highest deviation from the corresponding non-reacting case for vapor penetration. RON 98 fuel only showed a slight increase in vapor plume angle indicating the start of reaction, whereas E30 did not show any deviation.
Journal Article