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It's spring
\"Welcome to Spring, when rainy days and puddle jumping accompany new buds on the trees. Readers will follow a relatable narrator as they explore this special season.\"--Amazon.com.
Book
Comparison of microbial indicators and seasonal temperatures as means for evaluating the vulnerability of water resources from karst and siliciclastic springs
Spring water is a critical resource in many parts of the world, however, there are few effective and efficient means of evaluating the vulnerability and sustainability of those resources. This study compares two approaches to evaluate the relative vulnerability of water sources from carbonate- and siliciclastic-sourced springs. The first approach uses a West Virginia protocol for source water assessment; the protocol uses temperature variability and bacterial indicators to identify groundwater influenced by surface water. In the second approach, near-continuous spring temperature data were modeled to quantify seasonal thermal patterns. This comparison was applied to five springs in the Appalachian Valley and Ridge Province, USA. The seasonal thermal patterns in the springs were compared to the modeled air temperature to determine thermal damping and pattern lag. Springs with the least damping and shortest lag were considered to be the most vulnerable to surface influences. In general, both approaches identified the same springs as the most vulnerable and the least vulnerable. In neither approach was the outcome controlled by the geologic unit or rock type. Although long-term data sets are needed to evaluate spring water vulnerability based on thermal patterns, those data are reasonably cost-effective to obtain, and the models require no assumptions about the flow system. The thermal lag times may also be useful in determining integrated residence times for groundwater between recharge input and spring output. These residence times may provide a means to compare the sustainability of springs when lack of data or access limit the use of more complex models.
Journal Article
Spring
Photographs and simple text describe the weather, plants, animals, foods, festivals, and fun things to do in spring. Includes instructions for a related activity.
Book
A systematic analysis of water flow reduction and water-quality deterioration of the Niangziguan Spring area in northern China
The Niangziguan Spring is one of the largest karst springs in northern China and water in this spring area is the main water-supply source for people in Yangquan City for daily life, industrial processes and agricultural production. However, decreasing groundwater levels and growing waterpollution issues have been observed recently. Therefore, the objective of this study was to conduct a systematic analysis of water-flow reduction and water-quality deterioration of the Niangziguan Spring. The results show that various wastewater sources upstream of the spring, such as coal mining, and urban industrial and domestic effluents, have contributed to the deterioration of the Niangziguan Spring water quality. A mathematical model known as the one-order one-variable grey differential equation model GM(1,1) was employed to evaluate the contribution of climate change versus human activities potentially affecting the reduction of spring-water flow. The calculations for the period from 1979 to 2006 suggest that a contribution of human activities to water-flow reduction was 2.5 times greater than those that can be attributable to climate change. The research results obtained as presented in this paper can provide a scientific basis for rational exploitation of karst-water resources and environmental protection in this karst area of northern China.
Journal Article
The sound of spring
When a sound starts driving Branch crazy, Poppy and Cloud Guy help him find out where it's coming from.
Book
Identification of water–rock interaction of surface thermal water in Songwe medium temperature geothermal area, Tanzania
The Songwe geothermal prospect is situated in western Tanzania in the Rukwa Rift of the western branch of the East African Rift System. Thermal springs discharge along NW–SE oriented fracture zones in two separate areas: in the main Songwe graben (Iyola, Main springs, Rambo and Kaguri) and eastern Songwe graben (Ikumbi). Lithologies forming and filling the Songwe graben are metamorphic gneiss and shist as basement rocks, overlain by the Karoo sandstones, and Red sandstones, both silt- and sandstones with a carbonatic matrix. In some areas of the graben, volcanic rocks intruded these formations forming basalt outflows. The discharge temperatures of springs are between 37 and 85 °C with Na-HCO3 type fluids. Carbonate deposits surround most of the springs. Using previous geophysical, geological studies and historical fluid geochemical data and mineral data, the Songwe geothermal system interpretation was updated, including new reservoir fluid temperature, fluid flow pathway and water–rock interaction models. The classical geothermometers of K-Mg and Na-K-Ca (Mg correction) were used to predict the reservoir fluid temperature and show that fluid emerging in the Songwe area reaches temperatures between 125 and 148 °C. Reservoir fluid characteristics are reconstructed based on the geothermometer calculation and a PHREEQC model in which the deep fluid reacts with certain lithologies. Minerals precipitating at the surface and reservoir depth were used to calibrate the models. The models run at surface temperature were calibrated with minerals precipitating around the springs and suggest that Songwe thermal fluids interact with Red sandstone only, while Ikumbi spring water is the only spring that interacts with all lithologies (simplified referred to as: metamorphic rocks, Karoo and Red sandstone). The model run at reservoir temperature indicates that rising water is also in contact with Karoo sandstones and Ikumbi spring water composition is again influenced by the contact with all lithologies in the graben. Our conceptual model summarizes all data showing the meteoric origin of the fluids, the travel through the basement, rising along the Mbeya fault and the main reaction with sandstones through a lateral travel towards the hot springs. The proposed models reinforce the idea that carbonate dissolution from the sandstone layers is the most common water–rock interaction. Our model is supported by carbonate deposition observed in all springs, dominated by HCO3 and Na.
Journal Article
Art for spring
Offers step-by-step instructions on how to create spring crafts, including a fish wind sock, mini greenhouse, and rain painting.
Book
Comparative studies of electromagnetic and geoelectrical methods to estimate the porosity and specific yield of karst aquifer, West of Iran
Knowledge of aquifer parameters is essential for the management of groundwater resources. Parameters such as porosity and specific yield are among the basic features used to describe the hydrogeological conditions of a region. This study compares the electromagnetic method with geoelectric sounding. The data collection was carried out through a field survey and is used to study and estimate the values of porosity and specific yield of the karst aquifer that feeds five springs: Famaseb (Sp1), Faresban (Sp2), Giyan (Sp3), Ghale Baroodab (Sp4), and Gonbad kabood (Sp5). All these springs are located in the Nahavand Plain, Hamadan Province, west of Iran. Fifteen (15) soundings were obtained upstream of each spring and were used to analyze the results, quantitative and qualitative interpretation of geoelectrical data, logs of subsurface layers, and ranges of true resistivities and their electromagnetic frequencies were determined. The value of the true resistivity was calculated for the saturated and unsaturated layer of each spring, the results were compared with the electromagnetic frequencies, which showed that the results of the two methods used were almost similar. Porosity and specific yield were calculated using Archie's law. It is found that the Faresban spring (Sp2) has maximum porosity of 55% and a specific yield of 0.48 and in contrast to the lowest value of parameters mentioned in the Ghale Baroodab spring (Sp3, porosity 26% and specific yield 0.18). All the estimated values are compatible with the discharge of springs measured in the field and consistent with the geological conditions of the study area.
Journal Article
Synthesizing multifaceted characterization techniques to refine a conceptual model of groundwater sources to springs in valley settings (Minnesota, USA)
Springs are commonly used as low-cost monitoring locations to assess groundwater quality and long-term trends. However, spring waters in many settings are a mixture of groundwater sources that range in physical properties and water chemistry. The objective of this work was to determine water sources of springs emerging from the North American midcontinent Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system at a fish hatchery near Lanesboro, Minnesota (USA), and compare and contrast the sources to shallower and deeper sources. The hydrology of the Lanesboro State Fish Hatchery has been studied for decades using a combination of dye tracing, thermal monitoring, geochemical sampling, and nearby borehole and outcrop observations. Previous studies are integrated with recently collected dye tracing results and geochemical data to develop a comprehensive conceptual model of groundwater flow. Dye trace findings and geochemistry indicate well-developed karst and bedrock fractures in shallowly buried unconfined carbonate formations are important transport pathways to convey anthropogenically influenced waters from the land surface to the hatchery springs. However, borehole dye traces, thermal monitoring, continuous nitrate monitoring, and mixing calculations show that a deeper confined siliciclastic aquifer is responsible for delivering relatively pristine water that accounts for about half of hatchery spring flux. Characterization of the hatchery’s groundwater systems provides fishery managers with information to protect this vital resource and improved context to interpret water-quality-monitoring data that track agricultural contaminants. The methods and results of this study may be widely applicable across a large extent of the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system, and to multiaquifer sedimentary bedrock systems elsewhere.
Journal Article