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\"In this completely updated and redesigned edition of the essential and long-established Stadia, the authors offer their unrivalled expertise to all professionals who commission, plan, design, and manage high-quality sports venues.Ideas about the design and use of stadiums are evolving and this fifth edition includes the latest developments in the field. The chapters on sustainability and masterplanning have been completely updated and a new chapter on temporary sports buildings added. In addition, new case studies from recent projects around the world are included as the latest influential new buildings.In addition to a wide array of international information sources, the authors were able to draw on the experience of the design firm that delivered the 2010 Aviva stadium, Dublin, the 2004 Benfica stadium, Lisbon, the 2009 Soccer City FNB Stadium, Johannesburg and the 2011 Olympic Stadium, London. \"-- Provided by publisher.

In this fully updated and redesigned edition of the essential and long-established Stadia , the authors offer their unrivalled expertise to all professionals who commission, plan, design, and manage high-quality sports venues. Ideas about the design and use of stadiums continue to evolve and this fifth edition includes the latest developments in the field. Including updated chapters on sustainability, masterplanning and services, a new chapter on branding activation, and new global case studies, the fifth edition of Stadia is the ultimate guide to all aspects of stadium design, from local club buildings to international showpieces. In addition to a wide array of international case studies, the authors draw on the experience of the design firm Populous who in recent years delivered the 2010 Yankees Stadium in New York; the 2010 Aviva stadium, Dublin; the 2004 Benfica stadium, Lisbon; the 2010 Soccer City FNB Stadium, Johannesburg; the 2012 Marlins Park, Miami; and the 2012 new Olympic Stadium, London. Foreword by Jacques Rogge, President of the IOC Preface and acknowledgements Picture credits 1. The stadium as a building type 1.1 A venue for watching sport 1.2 History 1.3 Current requirements 2. The future 2.1 The importance of the stadium as a building type 2.2 Economics of stadia 2.3 Stadium technology 2.4 Ergonomics and the environment 2.5 What is the future for the stadium? 3. Masterplanning 3.1 The need for a masterplan at all sports grounds 3.2 Orientation of play 3.3 Zoning of the venue 3.4 Event overlay - what needs to be added to hold the event 3.5 Security against terrorism 3.6 Stadia in the city 4. External planning 4.1 Location 4.2 Transportation 4.3 Provision of parking 4.4 Stadium landscaping 5. Form and structure 5.1 The stadium as architecture 5.2 Structure and form 5.3 Materials 5.4 The playing surface 5.5 Foundations 5.6 Seating tiers 5.7 Concourses, stairs and ramps 5.8 Roof 6. Security and anti-terrorism measures 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The threats from terrorism 6.3 Authorities 6.4 Implications for management and operation 6.5 Responses by the design team 6.6 Conclusion 7 . Activity area 7.1 Playing surfaces 7.2 Pitch dimensions, layout and boundaries 8. Sports and multi-purpose use 8.1 Introduction 8.2 National sports traditions 8.3 Financial viability 8.4 Catering for different sports 8.5 Catering for non-sports performances 9. Crowd control 9.1 General 9.2 Perimeter fences 9.3 Moats 9.4 Changes of level 10. Providing for disabled people 10.1 Equal treatment 10.2 Sources of information 10.3 Design process 11. Spectator viewing 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Ground capacity 11.3 Viewing distances 11.4 Viewing angles and sightlines 11.5 Obstructions to viewing 12. Spectator seating 12.1 Basic decisions 12.2 Seat types 12.3 Seat materials, finishes and colours 12.4 Choice 12.5 Dimensions 12.6 Seat fixings 12.7 Seating for spectators with disabilities 13. Private viewing and facilities 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Trends 13.3 Design 13.4 Multi-use 14. Circulation 14.1 Basic principles 14.2 Stadium layout 14.3 Access between Zone 5 and Zone 4 14.4 Access between Zone 4 and Zone 3 14.5 Overall design for inward movement 14.6 Overall design for outward movement 14.7 Elements 14.8 Facilities for people with disabilities 15. Food and beverage catering 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Automatic vending machines 15.3 Concessions 15.4 Bars 15.5 Self-service cafeterias, food courts and restaurants 15.6 Luxury restaurants 16. Toilet provision 16.1 Toilet provision generally 16.2 Toilets for spectators 16.3 Scales of provision for spectator toilets 16.4 Location of spectator toilets 16.5 Detailed design 17. Retail sales and exhibitions 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Advance ticket sales 17.3 Programme sales 17.4 Gift and souvenir shops 17.5 Museums, visitor centres and stadium tours 18. The media 18.1 Basic planning 18.2 Outside facilities 18.3 Press facilities 18.4 Radio broadcast facilities 18.5 Television broadcast facilities 18.6 Reception, conference and interview rooms 18.7 Provision for disabled people 19. Administrative operations 19.1 Basic planning 19.2 Facilities for permanent management 19.3 Facilities for temporary events management 19.4 Facilities for visitors 19.5 Provision for stewards 19.6 Facilities for police and security officials 19.7 Toilets 19.8 First aid facilities for staff and spectators 19.9 Provision for disabled people 20. Facilities for players and officials 20.1 Basic planning 20.2 Players’ facilities 20.3 Team management facilities 20.4 Officials’ facilities 20.5 Medical examination facilities 20.06 Ancillary facilities 20.7 Provision for disabled people 21. Services 21.1 Lighting systems 21.2 Closed-circuit television systems 21.3 Sound systems 21.4 Heating and cooling systems 21.5 Fire detection and fighting systems 21.6 Power supply and event continuation 21.7 Water supply and drainage services 21.8 Information technology 22. Maintenance 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Pitch maintenance 22.3 Stand maintenance 23. Operation and funding 23.1 Stadium finances 23.2 Capital costs 23.3 Operating costs 23.4 Income generation 23.5 Controlling costs and revenues 23.6 Conclusion 24. Sustainable design 24.1 What is sustainable design 24.2 Re-use 24.3 Reduce 24.4 Recycle 24.5 Planting and green roofs 24.6 Certification 24.7 Future technologies 25. Brand activation 25.1 Maximising revenue 25.2 Time, not space 25.3 Brand activation through integration: The fan experience 25.4 Marrying team brand with commercial identities 25.5 The process Appendix 1: Stadia briefing guide Appendix 2:Video screens and electronic scoreboards Appendix 3: Case studies 01. Allianz Arena Munich, Germany 02. Amsterdam Arena Amsterdam, Netherlands 03. Anz Stadium Sydney, Australia 04. Arizona Cardinals Stadium Phoenix, USA 05. Ascot Racecourse Ascot, UK 06. Astana Stadium Astana, Kazakhstan 07. At&T Park San Francisco, USA 08. Aviva Stadium Dublin, Ireland 09. Braga Municipal Stadium Braga, Portugal 10. Cowboys Stadium Dallas, USA 11. Donbass Arena Donetsk, Ukraine 12. Emirates Stadium London, UK 13. Forsyth-Barr Stadium Dunedin, New Zealand 14. Greenpoint Stadium Cape Town, South Africa 15. Heinz Field Pittsburgh, USA 16. Marlins Park Miami, USA 17. Melbourne Cricket Ground Melbourne, Australia 18. Telstra Dome Melbourne, Australia 19. Nanjing Sports Park Nanjing, China 20. Oita Stadium Oita, Japan 21. Olympic Stadium London, UK 22. The Oval London, UK 23. Reliant Stadium Houston, USA 24. Salzburg Stadium Salzburg, Austria 25. Soccer City Johannesburg, South Africa 26. Soldier Field Chicago, USA 27. Stade De France Paris, France 28. Statteg Sports And Leisure Facility, Graz, Austria 29. Wembley Stadium London, UK 30. Westpac Stadium Wellington, New Zealand 31. Wimbledon Aeltc: Centre Court London, UK Geraint John RIBA Dip Arch (UCL) CISRM MILAM FRSA Honorary Life President of the UIA (International Union of Architects) Sports and Leisure Programme Former Chief Architect at GB Sports Council Rod Sheard Dip Arch (QUT) RIBA ARAIA FRSA Stadium designer and Senior Principal of Populous Author of The Stadium: Architecture for the New Global Culture Ben Vickery RIBA BA Dip Arch FRSA Senior Principal of Populous and co-author of the SGSA guide on concourses

Sports venues big and small need creative, hard-working people to operate them. Learn about the organizational skills needed to succeed in this busy field.

In this study, we analyzed public perceptions of the National Games of China, focusing on sports event image, satisfaction, motivation, stadium atmosphere, and environmental impact. Data was collected from 715 individuals (average age 28.1) through a comprehensive questionnaire. The study revealed that the National Games were positively received, with entertainment being a major factor for attendance. The study revealed a strong link between individuals' participation in the event and their views on various aspects like the event's reputation, their own satisfaction, motivational factors, the ambiance of the stadium, and environmental considerations. It was also noted that people living closer to the stadiums perceived the National Games' societal impact more profoundly. Contrarily, no notable connection was observed between participants' gender and these aspects. These outcomes highlight the significant societal influence of major sports events like the National Games and emphasize the need for careful consideration of public opinion and environmental effects in organizing future events.

Currently, sports venues are endowed with the important functions of providing sports venues and facilities to the urban public, watching sports events, publicizing the mass sports culture, etc. An in-depth study of how to enhance the attractiveness of sports venue buildings and the competitiveness of the industry to stimulate the public’s potential for sports consumption is necessary. Based on the perspective of color psychology, this study constructs a three-level structural equation model based on the nested data obtained from the questionnaire survey to explore the relationship between managers’ innovative sports venue colors, athletes’ perceived emotional value, and consumers’ sports venue satisfaction. The results show that innovative sports venue colors have a significant positive effect on consumers’ satisfaction with sports venues, and the perceived emotional value has a positive mediating role in the effect of innovative sports venue colors on consumers’ satisfaction with sports venues. This study aims to provide a basis for sports venue managers or event organizers to improve athlete satisfaction, optimize consumer experience, stimulate residents’ motivation to attend games, and strengthen the profitability of the venues.

PurposeDespite the growing number of corporate-sponsored sport facilities, public resistance to naming rights sometimes arises. In line with other supporter-based financial instruments such as fan bonds or shares, the possibility arises that a sport club’s supporters could invest in the stadium naming rights to secure a traditional name, possibly by initiating a crowdfunding project. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the factors separating potential capital providers from non-participants and to determine which factors influence the investment decision.Design/methodology/approachThe authors used an online questionnaire to evaluate respondents’ willingness to participate in a crowdfunding project. The data were analyzed by logit and probit regressions. The link was posted to selected online fan forums as well as to clubs’ fan group caretakers in Germany. In total, 708 respondents fully completed the questionnaires. Additionally, the authors provided the initial results of a proposal for a hypothetical reward-based crowdfunding project that was also part of the questionnaire.FindingsThe findings indicate that the most involved participants who support traditional values in sports are the most willing to participate in a crowdfunding project. Thus, crowdfunding can actually be seen as a supporter-based instrument that is an alternative to existing sport facility naming rights models. However, the analysis also indicates that the sums that can be generated through crowdfunding are limited.Originality/valueInsight into a relatively new financial instrument is provided, and an alternative approach to sport facility naming rights management is offered. Ultimately, a combination of a crowdfunding project with financing by a certain number of sponsors supporting a traditional name is proposed, which may be a possible future solution that sport facility naming rights management groups can pursue.

The facilities management field has evolved in recent years. This evolution has been driven in part by both long-term and cyclical changes in the economy. Other changes to the field have been triggered by fundamental adjustments in the way business is conducted. When the economy goes sour, property development organizations start to look to building management and, in turn, maintenance departments as revenue sources. Maintenance departments bring a project-based world view, which has both advantages and disadvantages.

Purpose Co-creation as a collaborative process between organizations and customers generates unique value for both internal and external stakeholders for the company. Research generally examines and portrays customer-company co-creation as a balanced and harmonious relationship. However, a successful co-creation strategy involves understanding the shared interests of the parties and resolving tensions between internal and external stakeholders to avoid co-destruction. This study aims to draw on the intersection of organizational behavior and marketing literature and to examine shared interests and conflicting tensions involved in the co-creation in the context of sports entertainment. This context allows the researchers to unpack and present a more complex process of co-creation that fosters co-creativity and innovation. Design/methodology/approach Based on a qualitative case-based approach of a major university in the USA, the authors draw on interviews and observations from their athletic administration and fans engaged in a men’s Division I team through an entire season. Findings This qualitative study illustrates an alternative, more complex dilemma of co-creating emotional and symbolic value based on shared interests while reconciling conflicting internal and external stakeholder interests. The findings suggest a tug of war based on tensions, where management adopted contrasting managerial strategies ranging from attempting to reconcile tension through organic co-creation to controlled manufactured creation. Research limitations/implications Emotional and symbolic game experience value is an interdependent process which cannot be created without consumer engagement. Both emotional and symbolic values are enhanced during games to the extent consumers perceive participation in the creative pre-game stages. Originality/value This study draws on sports entertainment to identify sources of tension in co-creation and discuss type of solutions among internal and external stakeholders.

Flood disasters have been studied intensively and extensively. However, studies to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of flood management from social perspectives are limited. Questions such as whether flood damage has been reduced or exacerbated have been insufficiently examined and poorly answered from the residents’ view angle. Usually, annual flood damage is used to quantify the economic impact of flood. However, as the estimation of flood-caused damage is affected by various uncertainties in methodology, the development of an indicator without ambiguity is needed for the assessment of flood management effectiveness. Moreover, annual flood damage is often the focus of researchers and administrators. The aim of this paper was to address the often-neglected question of what is the right perspective to better understand long-term changes in flood damage over time, and a related question of what perspective is most tangible to residents and can be used to promote public participation in flood risk management. Thus, the present work used Japan’s flood damage data over the past several decades to analyze various flood damage indices and identify the ones that can be used to detect significant changes in flood impacts without uncertainty, which can also bridge science with residents. The main finding is that the number of flooded houses and semi-damaged houses divided by the annual inundated residential area fit for the purpose of the present study. Since house inundation is more tangible to residents than annual flood economic loss, the findings suggested that the resident-oriented indicator can better reflect the change in flood impact and promote residents’ involvement in the building of coping capacity. In addition, the drivers for flood impact reduction in Japan were discussed and a framework for promoting citizen science for flood risk management was proposed. The overall value of the present work is that it has identified and attempted to fill the knowledge gap in flood impact assessment.

With the innovation of information technology, digital stadiums and gymnasiums are based on independent innovation, information management, and intelligent cultivation and development, which promotes the construction of a new ecology of intelligent sports and also determines the development situation and development mode of traditional sports. In the construction of intelligent service mode of digital stadiums and gymnasiums in the context of smart cities, the management information system, as the application support of stadium information technology, is the key channel to improve the intelligent level of stadiums and gymnasiums. The establishment and promotion of a smart management information system is an inevitable trend for smart stadiums and gymnasiums to complete key technologies, consumer experience, and efficient functional innovation of management methods, which is also an important content of science and technology-enabling stadiums and gymnasiums. This paper proposed the research on intelligent service mode of digital stadiums and gymnasiums under the background of smart cities.