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Chronic wounds are frequently colonized or infected with multiple bacterial or fungal species, which can both promote or inhibit each other. Network analyses are helpful to understand the interplay of these species in polymicrobial infections. Our aim was to analyse the network of bacterial and fungal species in chronic wounds. Swabs (n = 163) from chronic wound infections (Masanga, Sierra Leone, 2019-2020) were screened for bacterial and fungal species using non-selective agars. Some of these wounds were suspected but not confirmed Buruli ulcer. Species identification was done with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Network analysis was performed to investigate co-occurrence of different species within one patient. All species with n ≥ 10 isolates were taken into account. Of the 163 patients, 156 had a positive wound culture (median of three different species per patient; range 1-7). Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 75) was the dominating species with frequent co-detections of Klebsiella pneumoniae (21 cases; OR = 1.36, 95%CI: 0.63-2.96, p = 0.47), Staphylococcus aureus (14 cases; OR = 1.06, 95%CI: 0.44-2.55, p = 1) and Proteus mirabilis (13 cases; OR = 0.84, 95%CI: 0.35-1.99, p = 0.69). The culturome of chronic wounds in Sierra Leonean patients is highly diverse and characterized by the co-occurrence of P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae and S. aureus.

Background Chronic wounds are frequently colonized or infected with multiple bacterial or fungal species, which can both promote or inhibit each other. Network analyses are helpful to understand the interplay of these species in polymicrobial infections. Our aim was to analyse the network of bacterial and fungal species in chronic wounds. Methods Swabs (n = 163) from chronic wound infections (Masanga, Sierra Leone, 2019–2020) were screened for bacterial and fungal species using non-selective agars. Some of these wounds were suspected but not confirmed Buruli ulcer. Species identification was done with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Network analysis was performed to investigate co-occurrence of different species within one patient. All species with n ≥ 10 isolates were taken into account. Results Of the 163 patients, 156 had a positive wound culture (median of three different species per patient; range 1–7). Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 75) was the dominating species with frequent co-detections of Klebsiella pneumoniae (21 cases; OR = 1.36, 95%CI: 0.63–2.96, p = 0.47), Staphylococcus aureus (14 cases; OR = 1.06, 95%CI: 0.44–2.55, p = 1) and Proteus mirabilis (13 cases; OR = 0.84, 95%CI: 0.35–1.99, p = 0.69). Conclusion The culturome of chronic wounds in Sierra Leonean patients is highly diverse and characterized by the co-occurrence of P. aeruginosa , K. pneumoniae and S. aureus .

Amaç: Çalışmada günlük yaşantımızda, kullandığımız kırmızı, mavi, yeşil ve sarı renkte kumaş ve gıda boylarının farklı konsantrasyonlarının Metisilin Dirençli Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ve Pseudomonas aeruginosa standart suşlarının üremesi üzerine etkilerini belirlemek amaçlanmıştırYöntemler: Ticari olarak satılmakta olan yeşil, kırmızı, sarı ve mavi renklerde kumaş ve gıda boya maddelerinin steril serum fizyolojik içinde seri dilüsyonları yapıldı. Her bir konsantrasyon için 1ml olarak tüplere dağıtıldı. P. aeruginosa ve MRSA standart suşları üretildi. İki suşun ayrı ayrı 0,5 McFarland sulandırımları hazırlandı. Bu bakteri sulandırımlardan 100’er mikrolitre, dilüsyonları yapılan kumaş ve gıda boyalarının her bir dilüsyonuna eklendi. 37°C’de 18-24 saat inkübasyonu takiben her bir dilüsyondaki üremelerin tespiti için 1 mikrolitrelik steril tek kullanımlık özelerle Müeller Hinton agar besi yerine pasajları yapıldı. Bu besiyerleri 37°C de 18-24 saat inkübe edildikten sonra her bir alandaki koloniler sayıldı.Bulgular: Yeşil, sarı ve kırmızı renk gıda ve kumaş boyasının, MRSA'yı baskıladığı, P. aeruginosa’nın, MRSA’dan belirgin olarak fazla ürediği görüldü. Ancak mavi renkte hem kumaş hem gıda boyasının, her iki bakterinin de üremesini azalttığı koloni sayımları ile belirlendi.Sonuç: Bu çalışma sonucunda gıda ve kumaş boyalarını farklı konsantrasyonlarda, farklı renklerinin bakterilerin üremesi üzerine etkilerinin de değişken olduğu belirlendi.Ayrıca, bakterilerin kolayca bulaşabileceği ortamlarda kullanılan boya renklerinin bakteri kontaminasyonuna engel olunabileceğini gösteren in vitro sonuç da elde edildi.Anahtar kelimeler: Gıda boyası, kumaş boyası, metisilin dirençli Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa Objective: The aim of this study to determine, the antibacterial effects of red, blue, green and yellow fabric and nutrient dyes, which were commonly used in our daily life on Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with different concentration. Methods: Serial dilutions of commercially available green, red, yellow, and blue fabric and food dyes in sterile saline were prepared. One milliliter from each concentration of dyes was splitted into the tubes. McFarland 0.5 standard were used to adjust the turbidity of bacterial suspensions of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus standard strains. This suspension of each strain dispensed 100 microliters to all food and fabric dyes concentrations and incubated at 37°C. After overnight incubation 1 microliter suspension from each tube is plated on Mueller Hinton agar to determine bactericidal with sterile disposable loop. After incubation of these plates at 37°C for 18 - 24 hours, colonies were counted. Results: Green, yellow and red colors of fabric and food dyes were inhibited MRSA, and they showed significantly less effect against P. aeruginosa. However, blue fabric and food dye antibacterial affects, were greater than other colors against MRSA and also against P. aeruginosa.Conclusion: In this study, we determined that inhibition effect of food and fabric dyes, on bacterial growth can be variable belong to the color and concentration of dye. Our in vitro findings were indicated that colors of dyes can be a factor to inhibit bacterial contamination and true color choice will be helpful for painting especially high risk places for bacterial contamination. J Clin Exp Invest 2015; 6 (3): 274-278

Background Diabetes mellitus is increasing in Africa, and diabetes-related amputations exacerbated by diabetic foot infection are also prevalent with Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa two priority pathogens playing key roles. Understanding the local epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance profiles of these dominant pathogens is crucial for appropriate antibiotic therapy. Main body of abstract This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to contribute valuable insights that can guide the management of diabetic foot ulcer-related infections in Africa by comprehensively analyzing the available literature on the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in infected diabetic foot ulcers across Africa. We conducted a continent-based literature search utilizing PubMed and Scopus databases on June 11th, 2023, to identify studies conducted in Africa among persons with diabetic foot ulcers that reported isolating bacteria from the foot ulcers. The main concepts related to this research, “diabetic foot ulcers”, “diabetic foot infections”, “bacteria” and “Africa” were expanded with their synonyms and combined using Boolean operators (AND, OR) to formulate the final search query. The selection and inclusion of studies followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA). Our review revealed that approximately 4124 bacteria have been isolated from diabetic foot ulcers across 13 African countries. Staphylococcus aureus is the dominant species with a random effect pooled prevalence of 19.9% (95%CI: [16.19–23.84%]; I 2  = 88.56% [82.26–92.62%]) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa with 11.8% (95%CI: [8.67–15.23%]; I 2  = 89.95% [84.67–93.41%]). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) pooled 12.9% (95%CI: [3.99–25.89%]; I 2  = 95.47% [93.68–96.75%]). Multidrug-resistant S.aureus and P. aeruginosa pooled prevalence is 26.4% (95%CI: [17.84–36.06%]; I 2  = 71.16% [49.34–83.58%]) and 41.8% (95%CI: [27.38–56.91%]; I 2  = 78.48% [60.80–88.18%]), respectively. Short conclusion Staphylococcus aureus dominates diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) isolates in Africa contrary to the prevailing assertion about Pseudomonas aeruginosa . However, multidrug resistance among both species is high emphasizing the need for antimicrobial stewardship and utilization of other wound management protocols such as topical silver sulfadiazine (SSD) for the duo.

This study was aimed to examine the suppressive effects of Stachys byzantine leaf methanolic extracts on cancer cell lines and pathogenic microbes. Five concentrations of S. byzantine methanolic extract, from 25 to 400 µg/ml, were applied to HepG1 and HCT116 cells. S. byzantine methanolic extracts inhibited liver and colon cancer cell viability at different concentrations. The MTT assay results demonstrated that the extract’s IC-50 values for HepG1 were 271.61µg/ml and for HCT116 was 184.86µg/ml. The methanolic extracts obtained from S. byzantine showed antibacterial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The extract inhibited Staphylococcus aureus with 15, 20, and 22 mm inhibition zones at 100, 200, and 400 mg/ml, respectively.  However, the extract was more effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with inhibitory zones of 30, 30, and 35 mm at 100, 200, and 400 mg/ml respectively. This study indicates that methanolic extracts derived from S. byzantine leaves have anti-cancer and antibacterial properties.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are known as important nosocomial infectious agents also their co-infections are commonly seen in some patient groups. It is well known that host factors such as hormones have roles in modulation of growth, pathogenesis and susceptibilities to antimicrobials. In our study, the influences of norepinephrine (NE) and melatonin (MEL) on antibiotic susceptibilities were examined in mono and co-culture conditions. Methicilin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ATCC 43300 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 were investigated to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of ciprofloxacin and gentamicin in the absence/presence of NE (0.0017 and 0.04μg/mL) and MEL (6 and 60 pg/mL) by microdilution method in mono and co-culture. It was found that hormones decreased (among 2-64 fold) MIC and MBC values of both antibiotics for MRSA. However, it was shown that hormones had no effect on MIC values of both antibiotics for P. aeruginosa. MIC and MBC values of both antibiotics for co-culture were found to be reduced compared to monoculture of MRSA; were found to be increased compared to monoculture of P. aeruginosa. Whereas, hormones decreased MIC values of both antibiotics in co-culture conditions. Our results suggest that both hormones decreased MIC values and it seems that hormones could influence antibiotic susceptibilities in a strain-dependent manner.

A novel, successful method of bactericidal treatment of pathogenic bacterial biofilms in vitro by laser-induced forward transfer of metallic nanoparticles from a polyethylene terephthalate polymeric substrate was suggested. Transferred nanoparticles were characterized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray and Raman spectroscopy. The antibacterial modality of the method was tested on Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Pseudomonas Aeruginosa) bacterial biofilms in vitro, revealing their complete destruction. The proposed simple, cost-effective and potentially mobile biofilm treatment method demonstrated its high and broad bactericidal efficiency.

The carriage of bacterial pathogens in the human upper respiratory tract (URT) is associated with a risk of invasive respiratory tract infections, but the related epidemiological information on this at the population level is scarce in Malaysia. This study aimed to investigate the URT carriage of 'Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae' and 'Pseudomonas aeruginosa' among 100 university students by nasal and oropharyngeal swabbing. The presence of 'S. aureus, K. pneumoniae' and 'P. aeruginosa' was assessed via swab culture on selective media and PCR on the resulting isolates. For 'S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae' and 'N. meningitidis', their presence was assessed via multiplex PCR on the total DNA extracts from chocolate agar cultures. The carriage prevalence of 'H. influenzae, S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, K. pneumoniae, N. meningitidis' and 'P. aeruginosa' among the subjects was 36%, 27%, 15%, 11%, 5% and 1%, respectively, by these approaches. Their carriage was significantly higher in males compared to females overall. The 'S. aureus, K. pneumoniae' and 'P. aeruginosa' isolates were also screened by the Kirby-Bauer assay, in which 51.6% of S. aureus were penicillin-resistant. The outcomes from carriage studies are expected to contribute to informing infectious disease control policies and guidelines.

Abstract Rationale To identify pathogens that require different treatments in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), we propose an acronym, “PES” (P  seudomonas aeruginosa, E  nterobacteriaceae extended-spectrum β-lactamase–positive, and methicillin-resistant S  taphylococcus aureus). Objectives To compare the clinical characteristics and outcomes between patients with CAP caused by PES versus other pathogens, and to identify the risk factors associated with infection caused by PES. Methods We conducted an observational prospective study evaluating only immunocompetent patients with CAP and an established etiological diagnosis. We included patients from nursing homes. We computed a score to identify patients at risk of PES pathogens. Measurement and Main Results: Of the 4,549 patients evaluated, we analyzed 1,597 who presented an etiological diagnosis. Pneumonia caused by PES was identified in 94 (6%) patients, with 108 PES pathogens isolated (n = 72 P. aeruginosa, n = 15 E  nterobacteriaceae extended-spectrum β-lactamase positive, and n = 21 methicillin-resistant S  taphylococcus aureus). These patients were older (P = 0.001), had received prior antibiotic treatment more frequently (P < 0.001), and frequently presented with acute renal failure (P = 0.004). PES pathogens were independently associated with increased risk of 30-day mortality (adjusted odds ratio = 2.51; 95% confidence interval = 1.20–5.25; P = 0.015). The area under the curve for the score we computed was 0.759 (95% confidence interval, 0.713–0.806; P < 0.001). Conclusions PES pathogens are responsible for a small proportion of CAP, resulting in high mortality. These pathogens require a different antibiotic treatment, and identification of specific risk factors could help to identify these microbial etiologies.