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National levels of personal health-care access and quality can be approximated by measuring mortality rates from causes that should not be fatal in the presence of effective medical care (ie, amenable mortality). Previous analyses of mortality amenable to health care only focused on high-income countries and faced several methodological challenges. In the present analysis, we use the highly standardised cause of death and risk factor estimates generated through the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) to improve and expand the quantification of personal health-care access and quality for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. We mapped the most widely used list of causes amenable to personal health care developed by Nolte and McKee to 32 GBD causes. We accounted for variations in cause of death certification and misclassifications through the extensive data standardisation processes and redistribution algorithms developed for GBD. To isolate the effects of personal health-care access and quality, we risk-standardised cause-specific mortality rates for each geography-year by removing the joint effects of local environmental and behavioural risks, and adding back the global levels of risk exposure as estimated for GBD 2015. We employed principal component analysis to create a single, interpretable summary measure–the Healthcare Quality and Access (HAQ) Index–on a scale of 0 to 100. The HAQ Index showed strong convergence validity as compared with other health-system indicators, including health expenditure per capita (r=0·88), an index of 11 universal health coverage interventions (r=0·83), and human resources for health per 1000 (r=0·77). We used free disposal hull analysis with bootstrapping to produce a frontier based on the relationship between the HAQ Index and the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a measure of overall development consisting of income per capita, average years of education, and total fertility rates. This frontier allowed us to better quantify the maximum levels of personal health-care access and quality achieved across the development spectrum, and pinpoint geographies where gaps between observed and potential levels have narrowed or widened over time. Between 1990 and 2015, nearly all countries and territories saw their HAQ Index values improve; nonetheless, the difference between the highest and lowest observed HAQ Index was larger in 2015 than in 1990, ranging from 28·6 to 94·6. Of 195 geographies, 167 had statistically significant increases in HAQ Index levels since 1990, with South Korea, Turkey, Peru, China, and the Maldives recording among the largest gains by 2015. Performance on the HAQ Index and individual causes showed distinct patterns by region and level of development, yet substantial heterogeneities emerged for several causes, including cancers in highest-SDI countries; chronic kidney disease, diabetes, diarrhoeal diseases, and lower respiratory infections among middle-SDI countries; and measles and tetanus among lowest-SDI countries. While the global HAQ Index average rose from 40·7 (95% uncertainty interval, 39·0–42·8) in 1990 to 53·7 (52·2–55·4) in 2015, far less progress occurred in narrowing the gap between observed HAQ Index values and maximum levels achieved; at the global level, the difference between the observed and frontier HAQ Index only decreased from 21·2 in 1990 to 20·1 in 2015. If every country and territory had achieved the highest observed HAQ Index by their corresponding level of SDI, the global average would have been 73·8 in 2015. Several countries, particularly in eastern and western sub-Saharan Africa, reached HAQ Index values similar to or beyond their development levels, whereas others, namely in southern sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and south Asia, lagged behind what geographies of similar development attained between 1990 and 2015. This novel extension of the GBD Study shows the untapped potential for personal health-care access and quality improvement across the development spectrum. Amid substantive advances in personal health care at the national level, heterogeneous patterns for individual causes in given countries or territories suggest that few places have consistently achieved optimal health-care access and quality across health-system functions and therapeutic areas. This is especially evident in middle-SDI countries, many of which have recently undergone or are currently experiencing epidemiological transitions. The HAQ Index, if paired with other measures of health-system characteristics such as intervention coverage, could provide a robust avenue for tracking progress on universal health coverage and identifying local priorities for strengthening personal health-care quality and access throughout the world. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Entrepreneurial resilience is essential for overcoming the challenges and uncertainties faced by entrepreneurs, yet a comprehensive understanding of its antecedents remains incomplete. Drawing on metacognitive theory, this study examines how entrepreneurial metacognition—specifically, entrepreneurial metacognitive knowledge and entrepreneurial metacognitive experience—influences entrepreneurial resilience. It analyzes empirical data collected from 292 Chinese entrepreneurs using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The results confirm that both entrepreneurial metacognitive knowledge and entrepreneurial metacognitive experience significantly enhance entrepreneurial resilience. The findings expand the theoretical discourse on entrepreneurial metacognition by providing empirical insights and practical guidance for fostering entrepreneurial resilience through the development of metacognitive skills among entrepreneurs.

James, a co-founder of Acumen Brands in 2009, has raised nearly $4 million for his latest startup, Engine, which sells business management software to e-commerce retailers and hopes to compete with Canadian e-commerce leader Shopify, which James once recommended to entrepreneurs. Website efficiency is of crucial importance to a retailer, Jill Dvorak, the senior director of digital retail for the National Retail Federation, said in an email to Arkansas Business. Company-Building James and Terry Turpin cofounded Acumen Brands in 2009 and the company launched a number of e-commerce companies, such as Country Outfitter, which sold Western-style clothes and boots, and Scrub Shopper, which sold medical wear.

JOHN COLES - Age: 37 - Title: Vice president of data science and analytics, ACV Auctions - Big break: ACV, a Buffalo, N.Y., digital automotive startup, has disrupted the wholesale vehicle auction landscape by attracting a sizable following of dealer and commercial customers. [...]ACV relies on Colest to direct analysis of complex new- and used-vehicle market dynamics and distill data into insights to inform the company's key leaders.

The expansion of private self-employment is one of the main economic measures implemented by the Cuban government since 2010 to update its socialist economy under a unique brand of \"reform socialism.\" State policies (a \"push factor\"), as well as economic incentives and the desire for greater economic independence (\"pull factors\") have contributed to the remarkable growth of self-employment in Cuba since 2010. While employment in the state sector has declined significantly (13 percent) since 2010, self-employment has grown by more than 187 percent, and its share of total employment has increased from 3 percent to close to 9 percent. Despite these advances, Cuba's self-employed workers face significant obstacles that limit their growth and potential economic contributions. In addition to addressing these challenges and obstacles, ensuring the success of Cuba's self-employment reforms requires reconceptualizing the state's attitude toward self-employed workers and their potential contributions to economic development and growth.

Jeff Amerine's Startup Junkie, a full-service entrepreneur consulting firm, is next door to Hayseed, and the Arkansas Regional Innovation Hub announced it will open a northwest branch on the square. \" 'Wealth of Connections' Amerine, the former director of Technology Ventures at the University of Arkansas at Fayetteville, said all three groups - the Innovation Hub, Startup Junkie and Hayseed - have a spirit of cooperation that will be important to the growth of the area's startup culture.

Drawing on histories of technological innovation originating from research by faculty at The Pennsylvania State University and Johns Hopkins University, this paper presents evidence for a “technology” as well as an “intellectual property rights” research approach to the commercialization of academic patents. By describing how inventor and firm activities and strategies affect the technical development and commercial positioning of university patents, a technology focus adds depth to the general proposition that university patents are embryonic technologies. It likewise serves as an analytical probe to reconsider other mainstream propositions about university technology transfer.