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Goodbye Performance-Based Funding: Policy Abandonment of Performance Funding for Higher Education in the United States
Between 1997 and 2019, 16 out of 41 performance-based funding (PBF) states discontinued their PBF policies for public colleges and universities. Adapting policy diffusion theory to PBF discontinuation, we investigate whether policy discontinuation in one state is related to discontinuations in other states, and differentiate between the two policy diffusion mechanisms of imitation and emulation. While many prior studies consider diffusion as occurring only between neighboring states and focus exclusively on policy adoption, we conceptualize policy diffusion as occurring across geographically far-apart states and address the rarely-studied event of discontinuation. We employ dyadic survival analysis techniques and find that states are not prone to policy diffusion in a broad sense, irrespective of geographic proximity, but states are more likely to imitate PBF discontinuation in another state when the two are more similar on political conditions represented by party control. In contrast, states do not emulate other states with desirable characteristics, such as being wealthier or more generous towards higher education. PBF discontinuation is also explained by individual state conditions; greater legislative professionalism, stronger governor’s budget powers, and higher unemployment rates increase the likelihood of policy discontinuation.
Journal Article
The Rising State
State and national policymakers are increasingly important in shaping the nature, scope, and direction of education initiatives, resulting in the erosion of local control. The Rising State weaves together leading national experts' perspectives that focus on equity, comparative differences in state educational policies, agenda setting, and the nationalization of education policy. The contributors provide policymakers, teachers, administrators, parents, and the general public with an opportunity and means to understand the success and failure of the growth of state power and centralization of control of education in the United States and offer forecasts for future developments.
eBook
The Every Student Succeeds Act : what it means for schools, systems, and states
In this foundational book, Frederick M. Hess and Max Eden bring together a cross-section of respected academics and journalists to examine key aspects of the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA). This volume provides a thematic and in-depth analysis of the central provisions of this landmark legislation, presenting a range of perspectives. The contributors--leading researchers, policy analysts, and journalists--explore the conflicts and compromises that shaped the emerging law, outline its core provisions, and trace its implications for urban districts, states, and the federal government. Complementing these descriptions are chapters presenting opposing viewpoints on the law's merits and its implications for future reform efforts.-- Provided by the publisher
Book
Enrollment Growth and Faculty Hiring at Public Research Universities
Declines in state appropriations have decreased the ability of public research universities to hire faculty, particularly tenure line faculty. Many universities have grown nonresident enrollment as a substitute for state funding. This study investigates whether faculty hiring was associated differently with nonresident enrollment growth versus resident enrollment growth. Grounded in labor demand theory, to study this relationship we estimate institution-level panel statistical models for the academic years 2002–2003 to 2016–2017. Results indicate that nonresident enrollment growth had a stronger positive association with full-time tenure line hires than resident enrollment growth. In contrast, employment of full-time and part-time non-tenure track faculty was not associated differently to nonresident versus resident enrollment growth. The institutional policy implication is that nonresident enrollment growth may be a viable strategy to finance tenure line faculty hires. However, state policymakers should recognize that many public research universities and most regional public universities face weak nonresident enrollment demand and are unlikely to compensate for declines in state funding by growing nonresident enrollment.
Journal Article
Under The Law: Oklahoma!
In June 2023, the Oklahoma Virtual Charter School Board approved the establishment of a charter school by the Catholic Archdiocese of Oklahoma City. This amounts to state funding of a religious school. Robert Kim discusses how this decision goes against Oklahoma’s constitutional and legislative history, why allowing religious charters is not the same as allowing vouchers for religious schools, and the potential implications of allowing direct state funding of religious schools.
Journal Article
Under the Law: Public schools, religion, and equality after Carson v. Makin
In Carson v. Makin, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that, if a state offers tuition assistance for students to attend private schools, then requiring that those private schools be nonsectarian violates the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment. Robert Kim discusses how this case aligns with other decisions related to the free exercise of religion as it applies to public schools and what it could mean for schools going forward. Carson v. Makin, he explains, is one of several cases that open the door for states to fund religious education. At the same time, recent cases show that these schools may be allowed to discriminate against students and teachers while continuing to receive state funds.
Journal Article