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In-Between Categories: Documenting The Greek Children’s Legal Belonging in the Suez Canal Region
This paper looks at the complex manner in which children were documented in Ottoman Egypt and their access to citizenship later in postcolonial Egypt. It discusses the making of social and political categories, like citizenship and statelessness, and how Greeks moved through those categories. This paper also analyzes how these categories were imposed, first by the Ottoman Empire and then by the Egyptian nation-state. The end of the Ottoman Empire in 1922, and the declaration of the Egyptian Republic in 1953, the Suez Crisis in 1956, the Arab-Israeli Wars in 1967 and 1973, and the new labor laws of the 1950s and 1960s, among other events, impacted Greeks and others who lived in Egypt at that time. The impact among Greeks in Suez Canal cities was particularly evident in the community’s cohesion, as most evacuated the cities in 1967 with almost everyone else following in 1973. These economic and political factors, and the social processes the community underwent, defined Greek children’s relation with the Egyptian postcolonial state.
Journal Article
Stateless studies in an age of artificial intelligence
Since 2010, there has been enormous social and political hype around artificial intelligence (‘AI’) and how it has, and will, continue to impact society. This is not just puffery, and there is growing recognition across a range of fields that there is an urgent need to further explore the use, scope and impact of AI in relation to digital forms of citizenship and the datafication of societies. Concern arises as the adoption of these technologies has led to significant changes in how citizenship is not only experienced and performed, but also how states regulate citizenship. Despite this growing recognition, most notably within citizenship studies, statelessness studies have remained largely silent on AI. In this piece, I argue that this lack of engagement is very problematic. I do so by highlighting five areas where AI should be a matter of interest (or concern) in statelessness studies:
1) transparency in AI supported decision making on citizenship and statelessness,
2) perpetrating and amplifying discrimination against people who are stateless,
3) the legacy of statelessness in data: ‘The citizenship-bias’,
4) engaging with emerging AI governance and
5) AI-supported research and advocacy on statelessness.
These five areas only begin to scratch the surface of a much-needed research and engagement agenda on AI in statelessness studies. However, it is hoped that this piece can act as a catalyst for further discussion on how we can advance our understanding and use of AI in the field. Doing so is essential if we are to be able to manage the risks as well as capitalise on the opportunities of this technology in relation to statelessness.
Journal Article
Nationality and statelessness under international law
\"Written by leading experts, Nationality and Statelessness under International Law introduces the study and practice of 'international statelessness law' and explains the complex relationship between the international law on nationality and the phenomenon of statelessness. It also identifies the rights of stateless people, outlines the major legal obstacles preventing the eradication of statelessness and charts a course for this new and rapidly changing field of study\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
The 'Poe cases': Preventing statelessness for foundlings in the Philippines
Philippine Senator, Grace Poe, is a foundling. Due to her status as a foundling, the question of whether Senator Poe was a natural-born citizen was raised in the Supreme Court of the Philippines ('the Supreme Court'), as the Philippine Constitution provides that only natural-born citizens may run for national government offices. Natural-born citizens are those who are citizens of the Republic of the Philippines ('the Philippines') from birth without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect their Philippine citizenship. Hence, the status of Senator Poe's citizenship was crucial in determining whether she could run for national office.
Journal Article
VANET-GPSR+: A Lightweight Direction-Aware Routing Protocol for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks
Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) feature high node mobility and volatile topologies, rendering the conventional Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR) protocol prone to weak link stability and inefficient route discovery due to its lack of direction awareness. Existing direction-aware improvements typically rely on multi-criteria weighting or clustering, introducing heavy parameter fusion and computational overhead that conflict with the resource-constrained nature of onboard units. To overcome these limitations, this paper presents VANET-GPSR+, a lightweight enhanced routing protocol. Its key novelty is that it discards multi-parameter fusion and relies solely on movement direction, supported by a synergistic framework of three lightweight mechanisms: direction-aware neighbor classification to prioritize nodes with consistent trajectories, adaptive greedy forwarding region expansion in sparse and dynamic networks, and path deviation angle-based next-hop selection. This work builds a probabilistic link lifetime model that theoretically quantifies the stability gains of direction awareness—a novel theoretical foundation. Comprehensive urban and highway simulations show that VANET-GPSR+ improves the packet delivery ratio by 16.3% and reduces end-to-end delay by 27.5% compared with standard GPSR, and it outperforms both OP-GPSR and AK-GPSR. It introduces negligible CPU and memory overhead, with CPU usage over 50% lower than the two benchmark protocols at 80 vehicles/km, and demonstrates strong robustness against varying beacon intervals and communication radii. Retaining GPSR’s stateless and distributed traits, VANET-GPSR+ delivers substantial performance gains with minimal overhead, serving as an efficient routing solution for highly dynamic VANETs.
Journal Article
Verifiable Differential Privacy Partial Disclosure for IoT with Stateless k-Use Tokens
Internet of Things (IoT) applications often require only minimal necessary information—such as threshold judgments, binning, or prefixes—yet they must control privacy leakage arising from multi-round and cross-entity access without exposing raw values. Existing solutions, however, frequently rely on ciphertext structures and server-side states, making it difficult to define a leakage upper bound for restricted answers in the sense of Differential Privacy (DP), or they lack unified information budgeting and k-use control. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a verifiable differential privacy partial disclosure scheme for IoT. We employ DP accounting to uniformly constrain the leakage of three types of operators: threshold, binning, and prefix. Furthermore, we design stateless k-use tokens based on Verifiable Random Functions (VRFs) and chained receipts to generate publicly verifiable compliance evidence for each response. We implemented an end-edge-cloud prototype system and evaluated its performance on two use cases: smart meter threshold alarms and industrial sensor out-of-bound detection. Experimental results demonstrate that compared with a baseline relying on server-state counting for k-use control, our stateless k-use mechanism improves throughput by approximately 25–37% under concurrency scales of 1, 8, and 16, and reduces p95 latency by an average of 15%. Meanwhile, in multi-party splicing attack experiments, the re-identification accuracy remains stable in the 0.50–0.52 range, approximating random guessing. These results validate that the proposed scheme possesses low-energy engineering feasibility and audit-friendliness while effectively suppressing splicing risks.
Journal Article
The racialised non-being of noncitizens: Slaves, migrants, and the stateless
Proponents of barring the children of undocumented immigrants from birthright citizenship allege that the United States ('US') Constitution's 14th Amendment was intended to give full citizenship to former slaves and their progeny, and not to benefit the children of foreign-born people. A real-world example that illustrates the dangers of so restricting birthright citizenship is the Dominican Republic, where legal measures have already excluded the children of out-of-status immigrants (who are mostly of Haitian ancestry) from eligibility for birthright citizenship. The effect of this has not been ethnically cleansing Haitian descendants from the Dominican Republic so much as confining them within the country as a stateless underclass of people. The Dominican case therefore shows that US opponents of birthright citizenship for the children of out-of-status noncitizens must answer to the danger that their proposal would create a legally approved hereditary underclass on US soil, more than a century after the abolition of chattel slavery.
Journal Article