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Intimate partner violence against women is of particular concern in Bolivia, a country ranked second among ten Latin American countries in the prevalence of physical and sexual violence toward women (Hindin, Kishor, and Ansara, 2008). This study examines the correlation between intimate partner violence and the type of domestic decision making. Using factor analysis and structural equation modeling on a sample of 2,759 Bolivian heterosexual couples, this study finds that intimate partner violence is less likely to occur in families in which the decision making is egalitarian (female and male partners make decisions together) but more likely to occur when either the male partner or the female partner makes decisions alone. These findings support the hypotheses that the gender distribution of power may cause conflict between intimate heterosexual partners (Anderson, 1997; Dobash, Dobash, Wilson, and Daly, 1992; Jewkes, 2002). It also goes further in demonstrating that such distribution could lead to egalitarian, matriarchal, or patriarchal domestic decision making and that there are differential consequences for both intimate partner offending and victimization. In rural areas, Bolivian women are more vulnerable; men more often make decisions alone; and women are less educated and poorer than in urban areas. In the patriarchal-type family, men make decisions and may abuse their female partners physically and psychologically. This type of family is poorer and less educated, and it is inversely correlated with women’s and men’s education. Indeed, education seems to play a key role in heterosexual relationships; men's education is inversely correlated with females' physical victimization. However, these findings also support a) the status inconsistency theory: in wealthier, more educated households, the female partner made decisions alone but was still physically and psychologically abused by her intimate partner, and b) intimate partner violence is influenced by structural factors, such as patriarchal beliefs, social power structure, poverty, and social inequalities (Barak, 2003, 2006).

Although many countries have ethnic kin on the \"wrong side\" of their borders, few seek to annex foreign territories on the basis of ethnicity. This article examines why some states pursue irredentism, whereas others exhibit restraint. It focuses on the triadic structure of the kin group in the irredentist state, its coethnic enclave, and the host state, and provides new data on all actual and potential irredentist cases from 1946 to 2014. The results indicate that irredentism is more likely when the kin group is near economic parity with other groups in its own state, which results in status inconsistency and engenders grievances. It is also more likely in more ethnically homogeneous countries with winner-take-all majoritarian systems where the kin group does not need to moderate its policy to win elections by attracting other groups. These conditions generate both the grievance and opportunity for kin groups to pursue irredentism.

This study examines the impact of status inconsistency on status-threatening activities within NCAA Division I men’s basketball teams. Specifically, we focus on a nested form of status that includes both individual and group-level elements. We argue that organizations dealing with status inconsistency stemming from such nested form face challenges in reducing status inconsistency. To maintain their deserved status, these status-inconsistent organizations tend to avoid activities that could further threaten their status, despite potential economic gains. An analysis of NCAA Division I men’s basketball scheduling data from 2000 to 2019 provides robust support to our theoretical arguments. Our findings suggest that the status inconsistency between a team’s status and its conference status diminished the likelihood of scheduling games with non-Division I teams, a behavior considered counter-normative in this context. This effect is most prominent among teams in “Mid Major” conferences, while teams with recent participation in the NCAA Tournament show a mitigated effect.

This study focuses on the market identities of firms and suggests that identity ambiguity is caused not only by bridging horizontal product categories but also by status inconsistency stemming from bridging vertical status categories. Focusing specifically on how firms reduce status inconsistency by restructuring their business portfolios, we argue that status inconsistency motivates firms to divest business units to present a more coherent vertical market identity. Emphasizing the interplay between horizontal and vertical identity ambiguity, we argue furthermore that status-inconsistent units that are related to the core business units within a firm are more likely to be divested. Using a comprehensive sample of publicly traded U.S. firms from 1998 to 2014, we report that status inconsistency increases the likelihood of divestiture that decreases status inconsistency, particularly for high-status firms. Moreover, although status-inconsistent units are generally more likely to be divested, this effect is stronger for core business units. This paper was accepted by Greta Hsu, organizations.

Since the expansion of tertiary education and the rise in the educational level of the population in developed countries, there have been inconsistencies in their social standings, especially in young people. This study examines the relationship between status inconsistency and self-rated health in young adulthood. In defining status inconsistency, this study distinguishes between educational and skill mismatch. Moreover, given gendered workplace experiences, potential gender heterogeneity in the relationship is examined. Using nationally representative data from the Youth Panel (N = 2,407), fixed effect (FE) models are estimated to account for individual-level heterogeneity. FE estimates suggest that overeducation and over-skilling are negatively associated with self-rated health even after controlling time-constant, unobserved individual heterogeneity. Gender-stratified analyses reveal that overeducation is only associated with a decrease in self-rated health among women, while over-skilling is only associated with a decrease in self-rated health among men. Efforts to narrow the gap between educational or skill level and workplace utilization will benefit the health of young adults.

BackgroundEducation and income, as two primary socioeconomic indicators, are often used interchangeably in health research. However, there is a lack of clear distinction between these two indicators concerning their associations with health.ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the separate and combined effects of education and income in relation to incident type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases in the general population.Design and ParticipantsParticipants aged between 30 and 65 years from the prospective Dutch Lifelines cohort study were included. Two sub-cohorts were subsequently created, including 83,759 and 91,083 participants for a type 2 diabetes cohort and a cardiovascular diseases cohort, respectively.Main MeasuresEducation and income level were assessed by self-report questionnaires. The outcomes were incident type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (defined as the earliest non-fatal cardiovascular event).Key ResultsA total of 1228 new cases of type 2 diabetes (incidence 1.5%) and 3286 (incidence 3.6%) new cases of cardiovascular diseases were identified, after a median follow-up of 43 and 44 months, respectively. Low education and low income (<1000 euro/month) were both positively associated with a higher risk of incident type 2 diabetes (OR 1.24 [95%CI 1.04–1.48] and OR 1.71 [95%CI 1.30–2.26], respectively); and with a higher risk of incident cardiovascular diseases (OR 1.15 [95%CI 1.04–1.28] and OR 1.24 [95%CI 1.02–1.52], respectively); independent of age, sex, lifestyle factors, BMI, clinical biomarkers, comorbid conditions at baseline, and each other. Results from the combined associations of education and income showed that within each education group, a higher income was associated with better health; and similarly, a higher education was associated with better health within each income group, except for the low-income group.ConclusionsEducation and income were both independently associated with incident type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The combined associations of these two socioeconomic indicators revealed that within each education or income level, substantial health disparities existed across strata of the other socioeconomic indicator. Education and income are two equally important socioeconomic indicators in health, and should be considered simultaneously in health research and policymaking.

In this article, we aim to study the effects of the experience of overeducation, understood as a specific form of status inconsistency, in three areas: job satisfaction, subjective well-being, and the image of social stratification and the economic achievement process. For this, we use survey data from Spain and employ analytical procedures that have not previously been applied to this field (diagonal reference models). Thus, we make an empirical contribution (we test hypotheses concerning the impact of overeducation on specific types of attitudes) and a methodological contribution (we show the fruitfulness of applying to the study of overeducation a standard procedure for analysing the effects of social mobility and status inconsistency). We conclude that the experience of overeducation has some negative effects, but they are mostly confined to the sphere of work. The education/employment inconsistency reduces job and economic satisfaction, but does not affect overall subjective well-being or the image of social stratification.

Higher socioeconomic status is linked to higher mental well-being, but modern individuals inhabit multiple hierarchies and reference groups—and thus well-being may be determined between as much as within socioeconomic statuses. Drawing on proprietary national data collected by Gallup in 2017, I find that inconsistency between one’s perceived standing in society and one’s standing in more local hierarchies based in neighbors or friends is quite common. Individuals with negative status inconsistency (lower perceived status among one’s neighbors or friends relative to society) exhibit diminished mental well-being relative to those without. Relational or interpersonal mechanisms, including lower closeness to others, anomie or social disengagement, and diminished meaning in life, appear to partially or mostly explain how status inconsistencies undermine well-being. However, these relational mechanisms vary in their explanatory importance across types of inconsistencies and types of well-being. Positive and negative status inconsistencies both show links to lower-quality social relations.

Objectives This study aimed to (i) describe the prevalence of overqualification at work among immigrants in Sweden and (ii) analyze any association between overqualification and the risk of hospitalization for somatic and psychiatric disease among refugees and labor immigrants. Methods We performed a prospective register study in a cohort of 120 339 adults who immigrated to Sweden in 1991-2005 and were employed in 2006. Education-occupation status was defined as the combination of an individual's highest level of education and their occupation skill level. Individuals were followed from 2007 to 2016 with regard to hospitalization for a psychiatric, cardiovascular, respiratory or musculoskeletal disease or diabetes. Hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated in a multivariate Cox regression analysis adjusted for age, gender, reason for residence and duration of residence. Results The overall prevalence of overqualification among immigrants with an academic education was 39%. Overqualified individuals had an increased risk of hospitalization for any disease (HR 1.33, 95% CI 1.21-1.46) compared to \"job-matched with an academic education\". However, the risk estimates were lower than that of \"job-matched with no academic education\" (HR 1.56, 1.46-1.68). The increased risk of hospitalization for a psychiatric disease of overqualified individuals did not differ from that of job-matched with no academic education. Conclusion Our study showed that being overqualified was associated with poorer health outcomes than jobmatched individuals with an academic education. Considering the high prevalence of overqualification in immigrants, this constitutes a concern, for both society and individuals.

Under the background of knowledge economy, knowledge exchange and sharing among team members is extremely important for team development and organizational innovation. However, previous studies have neglected the root dilemma of individual sharing behavior. Based on costly signaling theory and social hierarchy theory, this study discusses the influence of individual power-status inconsistency on knowledge sharing. Study 1 issued 629 questionnaires to team members of high-tech industries. The results shows that power-status inconsistency has a positive impact on knowledge sharing, and the knowledge sharing level of those with high power and low status is higher than that of those with low power and high status. In study 2, the psychological mechanism of two types of individuals with inconsistent power and status was deeply explored through experiments, which affected individual knowledge sharing by positive cognitive self-efficacy and negative emotion. This paper is helpful to broaden the social hierarchy theory and provide suggestions for knowledge management within the team.