Explore the vast range of titles available.

The analysis of steel structures is complex-much more so than the analysis of similar concrete structures. There are no universally accepted rules for the analysis of connections in steel structures or the analysis of the stresses transferred from one connection to another. This book presents a general approach to steel connection analysis and check, which is the result of independent research that began more than fifteen years ago. It discusses the problems of connection analysis and describes a generally applicable methodology, based on Finite Element Analysis, for analyzing the connections in steel structures. That methodology has been implemented in software successfully, providing a fast, automatic, and flexible route to the design and analysis of the connections in steel structures. This book explains several general methods which have been researched and programmed during many years, and that can be used to tackle the problem of connection analysis in a very general way, with a limited and automated computational effort. It also covers several problems related to steel connection analysis automation.

Structural health monitoring (SHM) is an important aspect of the assessment of various structures and infrastructure, which involves inspection, monitoring, and maintenance to support economics, quality of life and sustainability in civil engineering. Currently, research has been conducted in order to develop non-destructive techniques for SHM to extend the lifespan of monitored structures. This paper will review and summarize the recent advancements in non-destructive testing techniques, namely, sweep frequency approach, ground penetrating radar, infrared technique, fiber optics sensors, camera-based methods, laser scanner techniques, acoustic emission and ultrasonic techniques. Although some of the techniques are widely and successfully utilized in civil engineering, there are still challenges that researchers are addressing. One of the common challenges within the techniques is interpretation, analysis and automation of obtained data, which requires highly skilled and specialized experts. Therefore, researchers are investigating and applying artificial intelligence, namely machine learning algorithms to address the challenges. In addition, researchers have combined multiple techniques in order to improve accuracy and acquire additional parameters to enhance the measurement processes. This study mainly focuses on the scope and recent advancements of the Non-destructive Testing (NDT) application for SHM of concrete, masonry, timber and steel structures.

The cyclic performance of structural steels after exposure to various elevated temperatures and cooling-down methods was experimentally investigated in this paper. Four types of frequently used structural steels were tested including Chinese mild steel Grade Q235, Chinese high-strength steel Grade Q345, and Chinese stainless steel Grade S304 and S316. A total of eighty specimens were prepared using three different heating–cooling processes before being subjected to cyclic loads. The post-fire basic features and hysteretic performances of the four types of structural steels exposed to various target temperatures (100–1000 °C), heat soak times (30 min or 180 min) and cooling-down methods (natural air or water) were recorded and discussed. The results show that all the tested structural steels prepared using different heating–cooling treatments exhibited proper ductility and energy dissipation capacity, while the heat soak times and cooling-down methods had a definite effect on their energy dissipation capacity; no Masing phenomenon was found in the tested structural steels. Finally, a set of skeleton curves were proposed for the four types of structural steels under cyclic loading based on the Ramberg–Osgood model, which could serve as the foundation for the seismic capacity evaluation of steel structures after a fire.

This study conducted experiments to investigate the flexural behavior of steel–concrete composite beams with U-shaped sections, utilizing cold-formed lipped channels as web components. To enhance both flexural and shear performance, trapezoidal plates were added to the lower sides of the composite beams. A total of ten specimens were fabricated, with variables defined according to the following criteria: presence of bottom tension reinforcement and bottom studs, thickness of the trapezoidal side plates (6 mm and 8 mm), and the welding method. Four-point bending tests were conducted, and all specimens exhibited typical flexural failure at the ultimate state. Specimens with bottom tension reinforcement, specifically those in the H5-T6 and H5-T8 series, demonstrated increases in ultimate load of 28.8% and 33.5%, respectively, compared to specimens without tension reinforcement. The use of lipped channels enabled full composite action between the concrete and the steel web components, eliminating the need for stud anchors. Additionally, it was confirmed that the plastic neutral axis, reflecting the material test strengths, was located within the concrete slab as intended. This study also compared the design flexural strengths, calculated using the yield stress distribution method from structural steel design standards such as AISC 360 and KDS 14, with the experimental flexural strengths. The comparison was used to evaluate the applicability of current design standards.

There are limited experimental data on VHCF for structural steels for >107 cycles. Unalloyed low-carbon steel S275JR+AR is a common structural material for the heavy machinery in minerals, sand and aggregate applications. The purpose of this research is to investigate the fatigue behaviour in the gigacycle domain (>109 cycles) for S275JR+AR grade steel. This is achieved using accelerated ultrasonic fatigue testing in as-manufactured, pre-corroded and non-zero mean stress conditions. As internal heat generation is a massive challenge for ultrasonic fatigue testing of structural steels which exhibit a pronounced frequency effect, effective temperature control is crucial for implementation of testing. The frequency effect is assessed by comparing the test data at 20 kHz and 15–20 Hz. Its contribution is significant, as there is no overlap between the stress ranges of interest. The obtained data are intended to be applied to the fatigue assessments of the equipment operating at the frequency for up to 1010 cycles over years of continuous service.

Low-carbon steel pipelines are frequently used as transport pipelines for various media. As the pipeline transport industry continues to develop in extreme directions, such as high efficiency, long life, and large pipe diameters, the issue of pipeline reliability is becoming increasingly prominent. This study selected Q235 steel, a typical material for low-carbon steel pipelines, as the research object. In accordance with the pipeline service environment and the accelerated corrosion environment test spectrum, cyclic salt spray accelerated corrosion tests that simulated the effects of the marine atmosphere were designed and implemented. Corrosion properties, such as corrosion weight loss, morphology, and product composition of samples with different cycles, were characterized through appearance inspection, scanning electron microscopy analysis, and energy spectrum analysis. The corrosion behavior and mechanism of Q235 low-carbon steel in the enhanced corrosion environment were studied, and the corrosion weight loss kinetics of Q235 steel was verified to conform to the power function law. During the corrosion process, the passivation film on the surface of the low-carbon steel and the dense and stable α-FeOOH layer formed after the passivation film was peeled off played a role in corrosion resistance. The passivation effect, service life, and service limit of Q235 steel were studied and determined, and an evaluation model for quick evaluation of the corrosion life of Q235 low-carbon steel was established. This work provides technical support to improve the life and reliability of low-carbon steel pipelines. It also offers a theoretical basis for further research on the similitude and relevance of cyclic salt spray accelerated corrosion testing.

This paper presents the findings of an experimental study on the corrosion performance of both conventional and corrosionresistant steel reinforcements in normal-strength concrete (NC), high-performance concrete (HPC), and ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) columns in an accelerated corrosion-inducing environment for up to 24 months. Half-cell potential (HCP), linear polarization resistance (LPR), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods were used to assess the corrosion activities and corrosion rates. The reinforcement mass losses were directly measured from the specimens and compared to the results from electrochemical corrosion rate measurements. It was concluded that UHPC completely prevents corrosion of reinforcement embedded inside, while HPC offers higher protection than NC in the experimental period. Based on electrochemical measurements, the average corrosion rate of mild steel and high-chromium steel reinforcement in NC in 24 months were, respectively, 6.6 and 2.8 times that of the same reinforcements in HPC. In addition, corrosion-resistant steel reinforcements including epoxycoated reinforcing bar, high-chromium steel reinforcing bar, and stainless-steel reinforcing bar showed excellent resistance to corrosion compared to conventional mild steel reinforcement. There was no active corrosion observed for epoxy-coated and stainless steel reinforcements during the 24 months of the accelerated aging; the average corrosion rateS of high-chromium steel was 50% ofthat of mild steel in NC based on the electrochemical corrosion measurements; and the average mass loss of high-chromium steel was 47% and 75% of that of mild steel in NC and HPC, respectively. The results also showed that the LPR method might slightly overestimate the corrosion rate. Finally, pitting corrosion was found to be the dominant type of corrosion in both mild and high-chromium steel reinforcements in NC and HPC columns. Keywords: corrosion; high-performance concrete (HPC); mass loss; steel reinforcement; ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC).

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of titanium on the corrosion characteristics of bridge weathering steel plates in marine environments. The corrosion characteristics of steel containing different Ti additions were studied by simulating marine corrosion by cycles of the dry and wet environments. The addition of appropriate amounts of Ti can promote the production of γ-Fe2O3, which produces a protective rust layer. Steel containing 0.087 wt pct Ti, gave the best results. During long-term dry/wet cyclic corrosion experiments, the corrosion rate of the #0.087Ti steel first accelerated when a protective product layer has not completely covered the surface. The surface of the #0.087Ti steel was only fully covered after 144 hours of testing. With the further extension of periodic immersion testing the corrosion rate began to decrease gradually. After 576 hours of testing a stable protective product layer formed on the #0.087Ti steel, limiting further corrosion.

The development of lightweight, corrosion-resistant metallic lattice structures has gained significant attention in aerospace, defense, and structural applications, where material durability and weight optimization are critical. This study investigates the corrosion behavior of Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF)-fabricated A286 steel honeycomb, Body-Centered Cubic (BCC), and gyroid lattices, comparing their performance against conventional materials such as Rolled Homogeneous Armor (RHA), Maraging High Strength Steel (MHA), and High-Nitrogen Steel (HNS). Corrosion testing was conducted using accelerated salt spray exposure, and the results were validated through computed tomography (CT)-based structural integrity analysis and machine learning-based predictive modeling. The experimental findings revealed that lattice structures exhibited significantly lower corrosion rates than conventional bulk materials, with the honeycomb lattice demonstrating the highest corrosion resistance (1.218 mm/year), followed by BCC (1.311 mm/year) and gyroid (1.671 mm/year). Compared to RHA, the honeycomb lattice exhibited a 57.23% reduction in corrosion rate, confirming its superior electrochemical stability. CT scan evaluations further highlighted differences in density distribution and geometric fidelity, with honeycomb lattices showing the most uniform porosity, while BCC structures displayed localized density variations at nodal intersections. To enhance predictive capabilities, various machine learning (ML) algorithms were employed to model corrosion behavior based on weight-loss measurements and lattice topology. Bayesian Ridge regression outperformed other models, achieving an R² of 0.99849 and RMSE of 0.00049, confirming its robustness in capturing corrosion trends. Linear Regression also performed well, while ensemble models such as Random Forest and XGBoost exhibited higher error margins due to dataset linearity constraints. Residual analysis and graphical interpretations further validated the stability and predictive reliability of ML-based corrosion assessments, demonstrating their feasibility as an alternative to traditional experimental methods. This study presents a comprehensive framework for integrating experimental corrosion testing, computational modeling, and CT-based defect analysis, offering a scalable approach to optimizing micro-lattice designs for corrosion-sensitive applications. The findings highlight the potential of LPBF-fabricated metallic lattices for aerospace, defense, and marine structures, where enhanced corrosion resistance, reduced material degradation, and predictive maintenance strategies are essential for long-term operational performance.