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A Critical Review on Optimization of Cold-Formed Steel Members for Better Structural and Thermal Performances
The construction and building sectors are currently responsible globally for a significant share of the total energy consumption and energy-related carbon dioxide emissions. The use of Modern Methods of Construction can help reduce this, one example being the use of cold-formed steel (CFS) construction. CFS channel sections have inherent advantages, such as their high strength-to-weight ratio and excellent potential for recycling and reusing. CFS members can be rolled into different cross-sectional shapes and optimizing these shapes can further improve their load-bearing capacities, resulting in a more economical and efficient building solution. Conversely, the high thermal conductivity of steel can lead to thermal bridges, which can significantly reduce the building’s thermal performance and energy efficiency. Hence, it is also essential to consider the thermal energy performance of the CFS structures. This paper reviews the existing studies on the structural optimization of CFS sections and the thermal performance of such CFS structures. In total, over 160 articles were critically reviewed. The methodologies used in the existing literature for optimizing CFS members for both structural and thermal performances have been summarized and presented systematically. Research gaps from the existing body of knowledge have been identified, providing guidelines for future research.
Journal Article
Removable, Reconfigurable, and Sustainable Steel Structures: A State-of-the-Art Review of Clamp-Based Steel Connections
In this review paper, first of all, an analysis of the circular economy and its application to steel structures is carried out. It highlights the need to apply the philosophy of Design for Deconstruction or Design for Disassembly (DfD) from the conception of the structure so that it can be truly reconfigurable. Then, a brief review of the different types of connections for steel structures is conducted, comparing the level of research and development of each of them and the degree of reconfiguration that is possible to obtain. Subsequently, the article focuses on the type of connection using clamps, a key point of this work and on which, to date, there are no state-of-the-art studies. It describes the types of clamps, their principle of operation, the types of connections developed with them, and the results of the different investigations that allow for calculating these types of connections. A summary is also given of how these connection types work according to the geometrical characteristics of the clamp and the bolt so that this review work can serve as a driver for the widespread use of clamp-based connections by researchers and engineers in the design and manufacturing of demountable and reconfigurable steel structures. Finally, some conclusions are given, indicating the advantages and disadvantages of this connection system and future lines of research.
Journal Article
Empirical Investigation of the Structural Response of Super-Span Soil–Steel Arches During Backfilling
This paper presents field investigations of a corrugated steel soil–steel arch structure with a span of 25.7 m and a rise of 9.0 m—currently the largest single-span structure of its kind in Europe. The structure, serving as a wildlife crossing along the DK16 expressway in northeastern Poland, was constructed using deep corrugated steel plates (500 mm× 237 mm) made from S315MC steel, without additional reinforcements such as stiffening ribs or geosynthetics. The study focused on monitoring the structural behavior during the critical backfilling phase. Displacements and strains were recorded using 34 electro-resistant strain gauges and a geodetic laser system at successive backfill levels, with particular attention to the loading stage at the crown. The measured results were compared with predictions based on the Swedish Design Method (SDM). The SDM equations did not accurately predict internal forces during backfilling. At the crown level, bending moments and axial forces were overestimated by approximately 69% and 152%, respectively. At the final backfill level, the SDM underestimated bending moments by 55% and overestimated axial forces by 90%. These findings highlight limitations of current design standards and emphasize the need for revised analytical models and long-term monitoring of large-span soil–steel structures.
Journal Article
Design of Steel Lighting System Support Pole Structures
Design of Steel Lighting System Support Pole Structures, ASCE/SEI 72-21, provides design parameters applicable to self-supporting structures, with base plates for installation on a concrete pier foundation, or as direct embedded, backfilled poles with the base section being either steel or concrete.
eBook
The Effect of Atmospheric Corrosion on Steel Structures: A State-of-the-Art and Case-Study
Atmospheric corrosion can seriously affect the performance of steel structures over long periods of time; thus, it is essential to evaluate the rate of corrosion and subsequent modification of dynamic properties of a structure over different time periods. Standards and codes represent the general guidelines and suggest general protection techniques to prevent structures from corrosion damage. The available models in the literature propose the thickness reduction method that accounts for the exposure time of structures in corrosive environments. The purpose of this study is to review the existing corrosion models in the literature and report as well as compare their effectiveness in low (C2 level), medium (C3 level) and high (C4 level) corrosivity class in accordance with the ISO standard. Furthermore, the influence of corrosion loss during the lifetime of a structure is studied through a realistic case study model using FEM (finite element method) in both linear and nonlinear regions. The results showed that the corrosion can considerably affect the dynamic characteristics of the structure. For instance, the vibration period rose up to 15% for the C4 class and 100-year lifespan. Additionally, the corroded structure presented higher acceleration and drift demand, and the base reaction forces were reduced up to 60% for the same class and time period.
Journal Article
Fire Resistance of Prefabricated Steel Tubular Columns with Membrane Protections
With the acceleration of construction industrialization and carbon reduction goals, prefabricated steel structures are widely used for their efficiency and strength. However, steel’s poor fire resistance limits its use. At high temperatures, steel weakens, leading to collapse risks. Common fire protection methods like rock wool, fire-resistant boards, and coatings focus on single materials, leaving composite systems for modular steel columns understudied. This study systematically examines the fire resistance of modular steel columns with composite protective layers through tests and simulations. It finds that rock wool shrinks under heat, reducing its effectiveness by approximately 66.7%, and suggests construction improvements to mitigate this issue. A simplified fire resistance formula is proposed, showing that the total fire resistance of multi-layer systems approximates the sum of each layer’s resistance. These insights offer practical design guidance and fill a key research gap in composite fire protection for modular steel structures.
Journal Article
A regression-based model for parametric cost estimation of industrial steel structures
Construction industry is considered one of the most versatile industries characterized by uncertainties and risk. Estimating the steel structure cost of industrial buildings is a challenging task compared with traditional buildings due to the uniqueness of this class of projects. This paper aims to introduce an effective and accurate parametric model for construction cost estimation of industrial steel structures. The paper proposes a regression-based model for estimating the cost of a critical construction component: the industrial steel structure where the is not enough historical data is available. The factors that affect the construction cost of industrial steel structures are initially identified based on the literature and interviews with local experts. The correlation between input factors and model’s output is then investigated. In addition, sensitivity analysis is performed to examine the relative importance of the regression model’s inputs. The model is validated using actual data on industrial steel structure costs in Saudi Arabia. The model adequately predicted the construction costs of actual projects with an accuracy of more than 88%. This indicates that the model is capable of accurately predicting the cost of such structures. The proposed model can be of great assistance to investors and decision-makers looking to invest in the industrial sector.
First published online 10 December 2024
Journal Article
Study on Mechanical Properties of Steel Frame Structure with PEC Columns
PEC column has a wide prospect for strengthening existing steel structure buildings because of their high strength, stiffness, and bearing capacity. The seismic performance of the original steel structure could be significantly improved by filling the trough of section steel with concrete to form a partially encased composite column. Especially for multi-story buildings, the PEC column is an ideal edge restriction structural element, so it is of great significance to study its seismic performance. PEC column was introduced into steel frame structure, and six models of 8-story steel frame structures with PEC columns were established by using OpenSees finite element software. The displacement load curve, the maximum axial force in the column, the maximum bending moment at the column base, and the maximum inter-story shear force were obtained by Pushover analysis. The influence of concrete grade and the width-thickness ratio of the steel sheet of the PEC column on the mechanical properties of the whole structure was studied. Results show that lateral stiffness, ductility, and shear load-bearing capacity of the structure are improved with the addition of concrete in section steel, but ductility of the structure decreases with an increase of concrete strength grade. The influence of variation of PEC column parameters on the bottom of the structure is better than that on top. The width-thickness ratio of the section steel flange plays a major role in controlling the mechanical properties of the structure. The elastic stiffness of the structure, axial force of the column, and bending moment of the column base increase with the increase of flange thickness as section height is the same. An increase of the width-thickness ratio of the flange can improve the shear force of the story, and the lower the number of stories, the more significant the effect is.
Journal Article