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"Stop and frisk (Law enforcement) United States."
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Stop and Frisk
No policing tactic has been more controversial than \"stop and frisk,\" whereby police officers stop, question and frisk ordinary citizens, who they may view as potential suspects, on the streets. As Michael White and Hank Fradella show inStop and Frisk, the first authoritative history and analysis of this tactic, there is a disconnect between our everyday understanding and the historical and legal foundations for this policing strategy. First ruled constitutional in 1968, stop and frisk would go on to become a central tactic of modern day policing, particularly by the New York City Police Department. By 2011 the NYPD recorded 685,000 'stop-question-and-frisk' interactions with citizens; yet, in 2013, a landmark decision ruled that the police had over- and mis-used this tactic.Stop and Frisktells the story of how and why this happened, and offers ways that police departments can better serve their citizens. They also offer a convincing argument that stop and frisk did not contribute as greatly to the drop in New York's crime rates as many proponents, like former NYPD Police Commissioner Ray Kelly and Mayor Michael Bloomberg, have argued.
While much of the book focuses on the NYPD's use of stop and frisk, examples are also shown from police departments around the country, including Philadelphia, Baltimore, Chicago, Newark and Detroit. White and Fradella argue that not only does stop and frisk have a legal place in 21st-century policing but also that it can be judiciously used to help deter crime in a way that respects the rights and needs of citizens. They also offer insight into the history of racial injustice that has all too often been a feature of American policing's history and propose concrete strategies that every police department can follow to improve the way they police. A hard-hitting yet nuanced analysis,Stop and Friskshows how the tactic can be a just act of policing and, in turn, shows how to police in the best interest of citizens.
eBook
The More Things Change, the More Things Stay the Same: Race, Ethnicity, and Police Brutality
Immigration raids and crime suppression sweeps fueled by laws such as Arizona SB 1070 (Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Act Senate Bill, April 23, 2010) are conducted by both police and immigration officials who target Latinos on the basis of skin color.5 Current routine stopping, searching, questioning, and arresting of people of color are extensions of our country's history, as evidenced by Horace Moulton's testimony: \"Every colored stranger that walks the streets is suspected of being a runaway slave, hence he must be interrogated by every negro hater whom he meets, and should he not have a pass, he must be arrested and hurried off to jail. [...]we should consider structural interventions that are place based and that involve key institutions. Examples include reintroducing school vouchers that foster segregation, rolling back federal programs that provide technical assistance to local police agencies that want to build trusting relationships with communities, establishing the Task Force for Crime Reduction and Public Safety that entangles police officers and immigration agents, and our being uncertain about DACA (the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals immigration policy, June 15, 2012).
Journal Article
Occupied Territory
In July 1919, an explosive race riot forever changed Chicago. For years, black southerners had been leaving the South as part of the Great Migration. Their arrival in Chicago drew the ire and scorn of many local whites, including members of the city's political leadership and police department, who generally sympathized with white Chicagoans and viewed black migrants as a problem population. During Chicago's Red Summer riot, patterns of extraordinary brutality, negligence, and discriminatory policing emerged to shocking effect. Those patterns shifted in subsequent decades, but the overall realities of a racially discriminatory police system persisted. In this history of Chicago from 1919 to the rise and fall of Black Power in the 1960s and 1970s, Simon Balto narrates the evolution of racially repressive policing in black neighborhoods as well as how black citizen-activists challenged that repression. Balto demonstrates that punitive practices by and inadequate protection from the police were central to black Chicagoans' lives long before the late-century \"wars\" on crime and drugs. By exploring the deeper origins of this toxic system, Balto reveals how modern mass incarceration, built upon racialized police practices, emerged as a fully formed machine of profoundly antiblack subjugation.
eBook
Frisky business: race, gender and police activity during traffic stops
Since the United States Supreme Court laid the foundation for “stop-and-frisk” activity by police departments, a substantial amount of research has explored the behavior of police departments, particularly with respect to race. But previous work rarely focuses on the individual’s probability of receiving a frisk. By exploiting a traffic stop-level dataset from the Pittsburgh Police Department, the marginal effects of assorted driver characteristics are estimated. While the broad characterization of African-American drivers being more likely to receive a frisk remains accurate, several related factors are identified that create a more nuanced picture of a driver’s probability of being frisked. The interaction of the gender of the driver, the time of day of the traffic stop, and the existence of passengers in the stopped vehicle with the race of the driver all impact the probability of receiving a frisk.
Journal Article
The Contemporary Legal Context
Though civil rights advocates had won several hard-fought battles by the mid-1960s, racial tensions between police and minority groups ran high for many reasons.¹ Indeed, a series of urban riots occurred between 1964 and 1967, which led President Johnson to establish the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, more commonly known as the Kerner Commission. The Kerner Commission began its final report by stating its basic conclusion: “Our Nation is moving toward two societies, one Black, and one White—separate and unequal.”² The commission warned that the country faced a system of apartheid in its major cities unless a host
Book Chapter
Illinois v. Lidster: Continuing to Carve out Constitutional Vehicle Checkpoints
In Illinois v. Robert Lidster, the Supreme Court held that the Fourth Amendment does not prohibit motorist checkpoints carried out with the purpose of requesting information from vehicle occupants about a previously-committed crime, Here. Nickelberg argues that the Supreme Court properly reasoned that its decision in City of Indianapolis v. Edmond is distinguishable from Lidster and should not control.
Journal Article
Health Implications of Racialized State Violence Against South Asians in the USA
South Asians, one of the fastest growing ethnic groups in the USA today, trace their roots to countries in the Indian subcontinent (e.g., Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka) and its global diaspora. With a wide range of cultural, religious, and linguistic diversity, as well as immigration experiences and inequality, South Asians have experienced racialized violence and discrimination since first arriving in the USA in the 1700s. Following September 11, 2001, South Asians and other groups racialized as “Brown,” including Muslim, Sikh, Middle Eastern, and Arab Americans, have experienced a marked increase in state violence, including racist laws, policies, and immigration enforcement. Despite abundant evidence of the adverse effects of violence on mental and physical health, there is limited research examining the impact of this racialized state violence on the health of South Asians in the USA. We summarize and synthesize existing peer-reviewed and gray literature on the prevalence and types of violence experienced by South Asians in the USA and enumerate their potential detrimental health impacts. We highlight the paucity of public health data and propose a conceptual framework describing how racialized violence and hate have significant implications for health among South Asians in the USA. Ultimately, these findings illuminate the need for change at the highest levels of governance to mitigate and resist hate violence, including through political participation and inclusion and equitable allocation of social and economic resources, to improve the health of South Asians in the USA.
Journal Article