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"Storage facilities"
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Practice and Exploration of Ground Engineering for Pilot Testing of Offshore Gas Storage Facilities
The N gas storage facility is an offshore gas storage facility for oil reservoir reconstruction. There is no successful experience to learn from in the construction and operation of surface engineering. Therefore, a pilot experiment centered on economic benefits and fully utilizing the existing facilities in the oilfield has been carried out. Unlike traditional underground gas storage facilities, the construction difficulties of offshore gas storage facilities are more prominent. By strengthening design management, procurement management, construction management, testing management, and HSE management, the construction of gas storage facilities is efficiently promoted and successfully put into operation, achieving the experimental goal. In the construction and operation practice, facing many difficulties such as the evaluation and governance of old systems, inconvenient maritime transportation, long procurement cycle of compressors, and unsuitable production and operation, we have explored management methods such as utilizing old and leasing compressors, reasonable coordination of sea transportation, and adjustment of production parameters. We have innovated technologies such as soaking cleaning+steel wire ball unblocking and cleaning, small pipe capacity short distance series injection, and rapid construction of gas lift liquid discharge warehouses, Provide reference significance for the construction of similar gas storage facilities.
Journal Article
Surface Technology and Application of Offshore Reservoir Type Gas Storage Facilities
As a pioneer of offshore reservoir type gas storage in China, N gas storage has demonstrated a high degree of innovation and foresight in its surface technology and application. This article comprehensively analyzes key aspects such as ground injection gas purification, optimization of gas injection systems, efficient purification of wellhead produced gas, intelligent gas gathering and transportation processes, and improved auxiliary supporting technologies. Through in-depth analysis of the technical characteristics and application status of each process, multiple innovative technology application examples were demonstrated, such as high-efficiency purification technology, compressor series boosting technology, intelligent monitoring technology, large-diameter pipeline construction technology, etc. The N gas storage not only achieves a significant improvement in operational efficiency, but also enhances its safety and environmental friendliness, providing strong support for the technological development of offshore reservoir type gas storage.
Journal Article
Impact of advanced storage facilities on households’ maize storage losses and food security in China
Reducing post harvest losses has been an option to enhance food security. Hence, the Chinese government has implemented the “scientific grain storage project” to improve household storage conditions and reduce storage losses. Based on the data of 1202 rural households from 23 provinces in China, we used propensity score matching (PSM) to measure the effects of advanced storage facilities on household food security. The results reveal that advanced storage facilities significantly reduced household maize storage losses by 60%, allowing farmers to save 33 kg of maize (worth US$21) and reducing the maize storage loss rate from 2.85 to 0.87%. Adopters of advanced storage facilities stored their maize for 0.2 quarters longer and reduced the use of pesticides during storage. At the same time, using advanced storage facilities significantly strengthens household food security and reduces the proportion of market purchases to meet households’ food consumption. Moreover, the adoption of advanced storage facilities also has important implications for China’s national food security and resource conservation. Accordingly, the government should continue to encourage farmers to adopt advanced storage facility practices.
Journal Article
Integrity Management of Subsea Pipelines for Water and Gas Transportation in Offshore Gas Storage Facilities
In the pilot test stage of N gas storage, relying on the construction of D oilfield, the injection production operation was achieved. The D355 subsea water transmission pipeline from the old A artificial island to the B artificial island was converted into a gas transmission pipeline. To ensure the safe and stable operation of the pipeline during the test stage, the feasibility was determined through verification and analysis of the pipeline; High consequence area identification and risk assessment have been carried out on the pipeline, and the risk level is within an acceptable range; Due to the lack of internal testing conditions, a comprehensive inspection and evaluation of the pipeline was conducted, including underwater magnetic memory non-destructive testing, external testing, and pressure testing; In response to the detected problem of exposed pipelines, concrete pads were used for interlocking treatment; In response to the scaling on the inner wall of the pipeline, conservative cleaning measures have been taken, including neutral immersion cleaning and non clogging cleaning with steel wire balls. After thorough argumentation, testing, and treatment, the pipeline has operated well after being put into operation, which is a successful practice for the integrity management of old submarine pipelines. It provides valuable integrity management experience for the gathering and transformation of various offshore oil and gas fields and the construction of offshore gas storage facilities.
Journal Article
Three-Dimensional Risk Matrix for Risk Assessment of Tailings Storage Facility Failure: Theory and a Case Study
Tailings storage facility (TSF) failures have tremendous impacts on surrounding populations, communities, and ecosystems. Therefore, a three-dimension risk matrix considering failure probability, event intensity, and exposure of failure-bearing bodies is established to assess the risk of TSF failure. First, based on the established assessment indicator system, the probability level is determined by the uncertainty measurement theory combined with the extension analytic hierarchy process. Then, the event intensity level is determined by two parameters, namely the volume of released tailings and the maximum distance traveled by tailings. The exposure level is characterized by the potential loss of four failure-bearing bodies, including population, economy, environment, and society. Finally, the risk index is calculated by the Euclidean distance method and the risk level is determined. In the proposed model, the probability, intensity, exposure, and the risk of TSF failure are all divided into four levels (Level I, Level II, Level III, Level IV) from high to low. The application of the case verifies the applicability and availability of the proposed model.
Journal Article
Application of Sentinel-1 InSAR to monitor tailings dams and predict geotechnical instability: practical considerations based on case study insights
Tailings storage facilities (TSFs) impound mining waste behind dams to ensure public safety, but failure incidents have prompted calls for more robust monitoring programs. Satellite-based interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) has grown in popularity due to its ability to remotely detect millimeter-scale displacements in most urban and some natural terrains. However, there remains a limited understanding of whether InSAR can be as accurate or representative as on-the-ground instruments, whether failures can be predicted in advance using InSAR, and what variables govern the quality and reliability of InSAR results. To address these gaps, we analyze open-source, medium-resolution Sentinel-1 data to undertake a ground-truth assessment at a test site and a forensic analysis of five failure cases. We use a commercial software with an automated Persistent Scatterer (PS) workflow (SARScape Analytics) for all case study sites except one and a proprietary algorithm (SqueeSAR) with a dual PS and Distributed Scatterer (DS) algorithm for the ground-truth site and one forensic case. The main goal is to deliver practical insights regarding the influence of algorithm/satellite selection, environmental conditions, site activity, coherence thresholds, satellite-dam geometry, and failure modes. We conclude that Sentinel-1 InSAR can serve as a hazard-screening tool to help guide where to undertake targeted investigations; however, most potential failure modes may not exhibit InSAR-detectable accelerations that could assist with time-of-failure prediction in real time. As such, long-term monitoring programs should ideally be integrated with a combination of remote sensing and field instrumentation to best support engineering practice and judgment.
Journal Article
Numerical Simulation Study of the Optimization on Tubing-to-Sediment Surface Distance in Small-Spacing Dual-Well (SSDW) Salt Caverns
The small-spacing dual-well (SSDW) technique plays a crucial role in the establishment of underground salt cavern gas storage reservoirs. However, during the cavity dissolution and brine discharge processes, insoluble sediment is prone to being carried into the discharge tubing with the brine, leading to tubing blockages or clogging, which disrupts injection and withdrawal operations and severely affects both project efficiency and the safety of the gas storage facility. This study systematically analyzes the influence of the gap between the injection and discharge tubing and the surface of the sediment-on-sediment movement, deposition, and tubing safety in SSDW salt caverns. Through numerical simulations, this study investigates the influence of tubing layout on the internal flow field distribution of the cavern and the suspension behavior of sediment, revealing the changing trend of the risk of sediment entering the tubing at different distances. The results show that a rational tubing distance can significantly lower the risk of sediment backflow and tubing entry, while maintaining high brine discharge efficiency. Based on the simulation results, an optimized tubing layout design suitable for SSDW salt caverns is proposed, offering technical direction to guarantee the safe and effective functioning of underground salt cavern gas storage sites.
Journal Article
Measuring Tailings Storage Facility Bathymetry Using Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8/9 Multispectral Imagery and Machine Learning
Tailings, a byproduct of mining, consist of fine sediment particles suspended in water that are stored in tailings storage facilities (TSFs). The discharge of untreated TSF water into the environment is typically prohibited due to its contact with mine tailings and processing chemicals. TSF failures have caused damage to communities and the environment, prompting calls for better management practices and advanced monitoring tools. For operational mine water management, boat-based bathymetric surveys have been used. However, these technologies have limitations, especially when the surveying of large facilities is required. Advances in remote sensing, particularly satellite-based earth observation (SBEO), offer cost-effective solutions for monitoring TSFs. This study explores the use of machine learning models, including XGBoost and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), applied to Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8/9 data to estimate TSF bathymetry. Surveyed bathymetry datasets were used for model training, testing, and results validation. The results of the experiments revealed that high-accuracy bathymetric estimates could be obtained with mean absolute errors between 6 and 12 cm depending on the source of the data (i.e. Sentinel-2 or Landsat-8/9) and the model used (XGBoost vs CNN). Limitations include mixed pixel effects on the pond-beach interface and lower accuracies obtained in shallow areas, notably when XGBoost is used. This research underscores the potential of using satellite data and machine learning for TSF bathymetric monitoring, with implications for enhancing environmental and safety standards in mining operations.
Journal Article