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The hydrogen storage tank is a key parameter of the hydrogen storage system in hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (HFCVs), as its safety determines the commercialization of HFCVs. Compared with other types, the type IV hydrogen storage tank which consists of a polymer liner has the advantages of low cost, lightweight, and low storage energy consumption, but meanwhile, higher hydrogen permeability. A detailed review of the existing research on hydrogen permeability of the liner material of type IV hydrogen storage tanks can improve the understanding of the hydrogen permeation mechanism and provide references for following-up researchers and research on the safety of HFCVs. The process of hydrogen permeation and test methods are firstly discussed in detail. This paper then analyzes the factors that affect the process of hydrogen permeation and the barrier mechanism of the liner material and summarizes the prediction models of gas permeation. In addition to the above analysis and comments, future research on the permeability of the liner material of the type IV hydrogen storage tank is prospected.

The most practical way of storing hydrogen gas for fuel cell vehicles is to use a composite overwrapped pressure vessel. Depending on the driving distance range and power requirement of the vehicles, there can be various operational pressure and volume capacity of the tanks, ranging from passenger vehicles to heavy-duty trucks. The current commercial hydrogen storage method for vehicles involves storing compressed hydrogen gas in high-pressure tanks at pressures of 700 bar for passenger vehicles and 350 bar to 700 bar for heavy-duty trucks. In particular, hydrogen is stored in rapidly refillable onboard tanks, meeting the driving range needs of heavy-duty applications, such as regional and line-haul trucking. One of the most important factors for fuel cell vehicles to be successful is their cost-effectiveness. So, in this review, the cost analysis including the process analysis, raw materials, and manufacturing processes is reviewed. It aims to contribute to the optimization of both the cost and performance of compressed hydrogen storage tanks for various applications.

During hydrogen refuelling, the structure of the hydrogen storage tank significantly influences the internal temperature distribution. This study investigates the effects of the inlet pipe’s length and angle on the hydrogen temperature within a 235 L Type IV storage tank. A numerical model of the tank refuelling process was established using the Ansys Fluent software platform. Simulations were conducted with the inlet pipe set at angles of -45°, -30°, 0°, 15°, 30°, and 45° to obtain the final hydrogen temperatures at eight monitoring points inside the tank. Furthermore, the length ratio of the inlet pipe was varied as 1/8, 2/8, 3/8, 4/8, 5/8, 6/8, and 7/8 to simulate the resulting temperatures at the same monitoring points. The research demonstrates that, within the tested range of angles and length ratios, increasing either the inlet pipe angle or its length reduces the average value, variance, and maximum value of the temperatures at the eight monitoring points. A strong negative correlation (R = -0.98) was identified between the inlet pipe length ratio and the temperature variance. It can be fitted to the equation of y = -1697.414 x + 2130.394, where x represents the length ratio, and y represents the temperature variance.

BackgroundHousehold water storage remains a necessity in many communities worldwide, especially in the developing countries. Water storage often using tanks/vessels is envisaged to be a source of water contamination, along with related user practices. Several studies have investigated this phenomenon, albeit in isolation. This study aimed at developing a systematic review, focusing on the impacts of water storage tank/vessel features and user practices on water quality.MethodsDatabase searches for relevant peer-reviewed papers and grey literature were done. A systematic criterion was set for the selection of publications and after scrutinizing 1106 records, 24 were selected. These were further subjected to a quality appraisal, and data was extracted from them to complete the review.Results and discussionMicrobiological and physicochemical parameters were the basis for measuring water quality in storage tanks or vessels. Water storage tank/vessel material and retention time had the highest effect on stored water quality along with age, colour, design, and location. Water storage tank/vessel cleaning and hygiene practices like tank/vessel covering were the user practices most investigated by researchers in the literature reviewed and they were seen to have an impact on stored water quality.ConclusionsThere is evidence in the literature that storage tanks/vessels, and user practices affect water quality. Little is known about the optimal tank/vessel cleaning frequency to ensure safe drinking water quality. More research is required to conclusively determine the best matrix of tank/vessel features and user practices to ensure good water quality.

The oil and gas refinery sector relies heavily on the integrity of storage tanks, where welding quality in shell-to-shell joints is often a critical issue. This study evaluates the welding condition of kerosene tank 610-TK-210 at PT. XX using nondestructive testing (NDT) methods. Dimensional inspections included peaking, banding, roundness, and plumbness, while defect detection employed visual and radiographic testing in accordance with API 650 and ASME IX standards. Radiographic results revealed multiple flaws—cluster porosity, porosity, and internal concavity—primarily attributed to inadequate surface cleanliness, high humidity, and improper welding techniques. Despite these defects, quantitative dimensional analysis showed peaking and banding deviations of less than 13 mm, which remain within the maximum tolerance specified by the standard. Thus, the joint was classified as structurally sound, though corrective measures are required to comply with ASME IX fully.

In order to improve the accuracy of the stratified hot water storage tank model and simplify the modeling process of the stratified water tank, a modelling method of the stratified water tank based on MATLAB/SIMULINK is proposed. By comparing with TRNSYS platform simulation, the correctness and accuracy of this method are verified. At the same time, this method is used to establish a six-node stratified hot water storage tank. Through the simulation of 8 different working conditions, the influence of different inlet and outlet water flow rates and temperature of the inlet and outlet water on the stratification effect of the hot water storage tank is analyzed.

Urban neighborhoods with locations of environmental contamination, known as brownfields, impact entire neighborhoods, but corrective environmental remedial action on brownfields is often tracked on an individual property basis, neglecting the larger neighborhood-level impact. This study addresses this impact by examining spatial differences between brownfields with unmitigated environmental concerns (open site) and sites that are considered fully mitigated or closed in urban neighborhoods (closed site) on the US census tract scale in Wayne County, MI. Michigan’s Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy’s leaking underground storage tank (LUST) database provided brownfield information for Wayne County. Local indicators of spatial association (LISA) produced maps of spatial clustering and outliers. A McNemar’s test demonstrated significant discordances in LISA categories between LUST open and closed sites ( p  < 0.001). Geographically weighted regressions (GWR) evaluated the association between open and closed site spatial density (open-closed) with socioeconomic variables (population density, proportion of White or Black residents, proportion of college educated populations, the percentage of owner-occupied units, vacant units, rented units, and median household value). Final multivariate GWR showed that population density, being Black, college education, vacant units, and renter occupied units were significantly associated ( p  < 0.05) with open-closed, and that those associations varied across Wayne County. Increases in Black population was associated with increased open-closed. Increases in vacant units, renter-occupied units, and college education were associated with decreased open-closed. These results provide input for environmental justice research to identify inequalities and discover the distribution of environmental hazards among urban neighborhoods.

This paper reviews the application and research of cold storage technology in cold chain transportation and distribution and points out the research prospects of transportation equipment and the problems that need to be solved. The advantages and disadvantages of refrigerated containers, refrigerated trucks and insulation box of cold storage were compared and analyzed. Three types of cold storage devices are applied to the cold chain logistics to achieve efficient and economical cold chain distribution systems. Because of its high energy storage density, phase change materials have become a research hot spot in the field of energy storage. Therefore, phase change cold storage materials have great potential applications in cold chain transportation and distribution. The performance improvement of cold storage materials, rational design of storage tanks, and simulation of temperature field under the influence of different factors in cold storage equipment should be the focus of future research on cold storage transportation and distribution.

Aboveground storage tanks are used to store various fluids and chemicals for many industrial purposes. According to API standard 653, the structural integrity of these tanks must be regularly assessed. The U.S. EPA requires each operator to have a Spill Prevention, Control and Countermeasure Plan (SPCC) for aboveground storage containers. The accepted practice for inspection of these tanks, particularly the tank bottoms, requires removing the tank from service, emptying the tank, and interior entry for direct inspection of the structure. The required inspection operations are hazardous due to the chemicals themselves as well as the requirement to operate within confined spaces. An inspection from outside the tank would have significant cost and time benefits and would provide a large reduction in the risks faced by inspection personnel. Guided wave (GW) testing is a promising candidate for screening of storage tank walls and bottoms from the tank exterior due to the ability of GWs to propagate over long distances from a fixed probe location. The lowest-order transverse-motion guided wave modes (e.g., torsional vibrations in pipes) are a good choice for long-range inspection because this mode is not dispersive; therefore, the wave packets do not spread out in time. A common weakness of guided wave inspection is the complexity of report generation in the presence of multiple geometry features in the structure, such as welds, welded plate corners, attachments and so on. In some cases, these features cause generation of non-relevant indications caused by mode conversion. Another significant challenge in applying GW testing is development of probes with high-enough signal amplitudes and relatively small footprints to allow them to be mounted on short tank bottom extensions. In this paper, a new generation of magnetostrictive transducers will be presented. The transducers are based on the reversed Wiedemann effect and can generate shear horizontal mode guided waves over a wide frequency range (20–150 kHz) with SNRs in excess of 50 dB. The recently developed SwRI MST 8 × 8 probe contains an array of eight pairs of individual magnetostrictive transducers (MsTs). The data acquisition hardware allows acquisition using Full Matrix Capture (FMC) and analysis software reporting of anomalies based on Total Focusing Method (TFM) image reconstruction. This novel inspection package allows generation of reports that map out corrosion locations and provide estimates of defect widths. Case studies of this technology on actual storage tank walls and bottoms will be presented together with validation of processing methods on mockups with known anomalies and geometry features.

This study employs stereo microscopy, mechanical testing, infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric (TG) analysis to investigate high-density polyethylene (HDPE) water storage tanks. The results indicate that the step region of the HDPE tank interface withstands stress not exceeding 350 N. Fractured specimens exhibit oxidative substances such as carbonyl groups, with the oxidation induction time decreasing by 28.1% and the thermal decomposition temperature dropping by 20°C. The research demonstrates that structural defects, material oxidative degradation, and thermal history are the primary factors leading to failure. This study systematically elucidates the thermo-oxidative fracture mechanism of HDPE water storage tanks in automotive cleaning systems, revealing a coupled mechanical-chemical-thermal failure mechanism.