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The most practical way of storing hydrogen gas for fuel cell vehicles is to use a composite overwrapped pressure vessel. Depending on the driving distance range and power requirement of the vehicles, there can be various operational pressure and volume capacity of the tanks, ranging from passenger vehicles to heavy-duty trucks. The current commercial hydrogen storage method for vehicles involves storing compressed hydrogen gas in high-pressure tanks at pressures of 700 bar for passenger vehicles and 350 bar to 700 bar for heavy-duty trucks. In particular, hydrogen is stored in rapidly refillable onboard tanks, meeting the driving range needs of heavy-duty applications, such as regional and line-haul trucking. One of the most important factors for fuel cell vehicles to be successful is their cost-effectiveness. So, in this review, the cost analysis including the process analysis, raw materials, and manufacturing processes is reviewed. It aims to contribute to the optimization of both the cost and performance of compressed hydrogen storage tanks for various applications.

This paper reviews the application and research of cold storage technology in cold chain transportation and distribution and points out the research prospects of transportation equipment and the problems that need to be solved. The advantages and disadvantages of refrigerated containers, refrigerated trucks and insulation box of cold storage were compared and analyzed. Three types of cold storage devices are applied to the cold chain logistics to achieve efficient and economical cold chain distribution systems. Because of its high energy storage density, phase change materials have become a research hot spot in the field of energy storage. Therefore, phase change cold storage materials have great potential applications in cold chain transportation and distribution. The performance improvement of cold storage materials, rational design of storage tanks, and simulation of temperature field under the influence of different factors in cold storage equipment should be the focus of future research on cold storage transportation and distribution.

The type IV hydrogen storage tank with a polymer liner is a promising storage solution for fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs). The polymer liner reduces the weight and improves the storage density of tanks. However, hydrogen commonly permeates through the liner, especially at high pressure. If there is rapid decompression, damage may occur due to the internal hydrogen concentration, as the concentration inside creates the pressure difference. Thus, a comprehensive understanding of the decompression damage is significant for the development of a suitable liner material and the commercialization of the type IV hydrogen storage tank. This study discusses the decompression damage mechanism of the polymer liner, which includes damage characterizations and evaluations, influential factors, and damage prediction. Finally, some future research directions are proposed to further investigate and optimize tanks.

In many parts of the world, drinking water storage takes place in near-house or in-house tanks. This can impact drinking water quality considerably. International and numerous national standards and guidelines addressing the construction, installation and operation of domestic drinking water storage tanks are reviewed on their consideration of water quality aspects and the minimisation of health risks associated with drinking water storage. Several national and international standards and guidelines are reviewed in terms of drinking water quality requirements. Factors that have an impact on water quality in relation to the use of domestic drinking water storage tanks are summarised comprehensively. The impact of the domestic storage of drinking water on water quality, the points and locations of use, their positioning, the materials they are made of, their design and operation, as well as aspects of how they are operated and maintained is outlined and discussed in detail. Finally, the incorporation of aspects regarding water quality in drinking water storage tanks in standards and guidelines is presented and assessed. To make the use of domestic drinking water storage tanks safer and more efficient, recommendations for modifications, improvements and extensions of respective standards are made.

Low-impact development (LID) structures are widely used to mitigate urbanization impacts on hydrology. The performances of such structures are strongly affected by field conditions, such as the ratio of LID area to drainage area and rainfall properties, such as rainfall intensity. In this study, onsite continuous monitoring was performed at a permeable pavement site and a raingarden site in Taipei, Taiwan, to determine their water retention and groundwater recharge potential under subtropical weather. In addition, the verified Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) was used to illustrate the annual performance on the hydrological cycle. Based on one year of monitoring, data on 41 and 24 rainfall events were obtained at the permeable pavement and raingarden sites, respectively. The ratio of the permeable pavement area to the total drainage area was 36.0%, and this ratio was 15.9% for the raingarden. The results showed that the average runoff reduction rate was 14.7% at the permeable pavement site, and 98.3% of the rainfall was retained in the raingarden and an underground storage tank. The validated model showed that the permeable pavement site experienced 45.3% outflow, 31.6% evaporation, and 23.1% infiltration annually. For the raingarden with an underground storage tank, 91.4% of the annual rainfall infiltrated and was stored, with only 4.1% outflow. According to the observed rainfall event performance and the simulated annual performance, the permeable pavement and raingarden performed well in subtropical regions. Pavement that was approximately 1/3 permeable in a drainage area increased infiltration by approximately 20%, and a raingarden with a sufficient underground storage tank preserved over 90% of the rainfall.

This study discusses an evacuated tube collector-type solar water heater (ETCSWH) using a phase change material (PCM) chamber with fins, nanofluid, and nano-enhanced phase change material (NEPCM). First, the charging phenomena in a horizontal triplex tube heat exchanger (TTHX) equipped with fins, natural convection, and an ETCSWH system without PCM is simulated to validate the solution. The impact of adding fins and nanoparticles with a volume fraction of 3% of Al 2 O 3 and Cu to paraffin wax and water-based fluid, respectively, on the unit's efficiency has been examined. The proposed system for the PCM melting process, heat storage, fluid flow behavior in the system, and velocity distribution and temperature contour in the storage tank and three parts of the absorber tube have been evaluated using ANSYS FLUENT software in a three-dimensional and transient simulation. The results show that Case 8 has improved by 39.7% compared to Case 1 and Case 4 by 5.2% compared to Case 1 within 4 h of the melting process. Also, Case 8 with a 43% and 6.4% shorter melting time than Cases 1 and 5 has the best performance and the greatest heat transfer rate. The productivity of the ETCSWH system is considerably enhanced by the use of fins, NEPCM, and nanofluid.

Petroleum is recognized as a crucial strategic material for national sustainable development, and its safe storage, transportation, and utilization have significant impacts on the human ecological environment. In order to conduct in-depth research on the safety characteristics of oil tank fires, this study primarily employed similarity criteria to design small-scale experiments and further validated the full-scale experiments using numerical simulations. The flame characteristics, thermal physical properties, and “safe distance-time” of large-scale storage tank fires were pointed out. The results showed that with the increase of wind speed, its impact on flame height became smaller and smaller. The suitable wind speed range for the experiment was found to be between 0.97 m/s and 6.64 m/s. The flame surface area and flame volume first decreased and then increased with increasing wind speed, and there was a linear relationship between flame volume and surface area. The flame temperature decreased first and then increased. The larger the flame volume, the higher the heat release rate, and there was a linear relationship between the two. The validation experiment results showed that the temperature error and heat release rate error range of the simulation experiment were less than 5%, indicating a high reliability of the similarity experiments. Additionally, research on the “safe distance-time” relationship of the tank fires indicated that the minimum safe distance for personnel under this engineering condition was 21 m.

The hydrogen storage tank is a key parameter of the hydrogen storage system in hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (HFCVs), as its safety determines the commercialization of HFCVs. Compared with other types, the type IV hydrogen storage tank which consists of a polymer liner has the advantages of low cost, lightweight, and low storage energy consumption, but meanwhile, higher hydrogen permeability. A detailed review of the existing research on hydrogen permeability of the liner material of type IV hydrogen storage tanks can improve the understanding of the hydrogen permeation mechanism and provide references for following-up researchers and research on the safety of HFCVs. The process of hydrogen permeation and test methods are firstly discussed in detail. This paper then analyzes the factors that affect the process of hydrogen permeation and the barrier mechanism of the liner material and summarizes the prediction models of gas permeation. In addition to the above analysis and comments, future research on the permeability of the liner material of the type IV hydrogen storage tank is prospected.

Large tanks are extensively used for storing water, petrochemicals and fuels. Since they are often cited in earthquake-prone areas, the safe and continuous operation of these important structures must be ensured even when severe earthquakes occur, since their failure could have devastating financial and socio-environmental consequences. Base-isolation has been widely adopted for the efficient seismic protection of such critical facilities. However, base-isolated tanks can be located relatively close to active faults that generate strong excitations with special characteristics. Consequently, viscous dampers can be incorporated into the isolation system to reduce excessive displacement demands and to avoid overconservative isolator design. Nonetheless, only a few studies have focused on the investigation of seismic response of base-isolated liquid storage tanks in conjunction with supplemental viscous dampers. Therefore, the impact of the addition of supplemental linear viscous dampers on the seismic performance of tanks isolated by single friction pendulum devices is investigated herein. Four levels of supplemental damping are assessed and compared with respect to isolators’ displacement capacity and accelerations that are transferred to the tanks.

To investigate the tank deformation behavior under ultra-low temperature and high-flow-rate filling conditions, a thermal-fluid-structure coupling numerical model for liquid hydrogen (LH 2 ) filling into the storage tank was established. The temperature variation and corresponding structural deformation of the tank during the ultra-low temperature high-flow-rate LH 2 filling process were systematically analyzed. The research findings reveal that at a filling flow rate of 8 m 3 /min and a pressure difference of 0 MPa, 84.1% of the tank volume was filled with fuel within 960 s, resulting in a deformation of 30.418 mm. When the outlet pressure difference increased from 0 to 0.1 MPa, the fuel filling ratio reached 78.5% in 500 s, with a corresponding deformation of 28.907 mm. As the outlet pressure difference further increased from 0.1 to 0.2 MPa, the filling ratio decreased to 45% with a filling duration of 576 s, and the deformation was reduced to 24.527 mm. When the filling flow rate was increased to 15 m 3 /min, 44% of the tank volume was filled in 250 s, with a deformation of 27.043 mm. Comparative analysis demonstrates that high-flow-rate LH 2 filling achieves significantly higher efficiency than low-flow-rate filling, while the structural deformation induced by high-flow-rate filling is larger than that by low-flow-rate filling. When pre-cooling measures were adopted, the tank deformation after switching to high-flow-rate filling was notably smaller than that without pre-cooling. It is therefore concluded that pre-cooling measures are essential for ultra-low temperature high-flow-rate LH 2 filling, as they can significantly improve the LH₂ filling efficiency while effectively reducing the thermal deformation of the tank structure.