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This title surveys and sets in context the wide range of research work that has been done on retailing. It concentrates on western industrial societies, particularly Britain and the USA, and considers empirical research, theory and theoretical applications.

This book is concerned with the spatial aspects of the distributive trades. It provides a comprehensive insight into the relationship between consumer demand and retail supply in the context of both recent business trends and increasing planning controls. It unites a wide variety of theories and techniques to the practical problems confronting businessmen and planners and draws together the findings of a vast research literature on the geography of retailing. Extensive comparisons are drawn between conditions in North America and Western Europe.Originally published 1976.'A valuable and welcome

In recent years, the environmental, social and economic concerns regarding laissez-faire retail decentralization policies have resulted in an emergence of a global trend towards the provision of wider choices of good quality public transport modes in suburban areas. Existing research on transport choices to shopping areas simply looks at travel time, travel cost or distance as a measure of the 'deterrence' of getting to a retail outlet and has concentrated on the attributes of the retail outlets, thus neglecting the transport attributes. Based on a substantial study incorporating both quantitative and qualitative research, this engaging volume takes a more balanced view of both retail outlet and transport attributes. It employs a multi-method, sequential design to examine the many dimensions salient to how people evaluate transport options for shopping purposes and unravels many important issues in transport mode and retail destination choices. Contents: Introduction; Trends in retail decentralization, retail and transport planning; Shopping and transport behavioural models; Methodology of study; Qualitative research data analysis; Factors affecting choice of shopping centres; Images of transport modes for shopping purposes; Conclusions and implications; Appendix; Bibliography; Index.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to elucidate the role that visual measures of attention to product and information and price display signage have on purchase intention. The authors assessed the effect of visual attention to the product, information or price sign on purchase intention, as measured by likelihood to buy. Design/methodology/approach – The authors used eye-tracking technology to collect data from Australian and US garden centre customers, who viewed eight plant displays in which the signs had been altered to show either price or supplemental information (16 images total). The authors compared the role of visual attention to price and information sign, and the role of visual attention to the product when either sign was present on likelihood to buy. Findings – Overall, providing product information on a sign without price elicited higher likelihood to buy than providing a sign with price. The authors found a positive relationship between visual attention to price on the display sign and likelihood to buy, but an inverse relationship between visual attention to information and likelihood to buy. Research limitations/implications – An understanding of the attention-capturing power of merchandise display elements, especially signs, has practical significance. The findings will assist retailers in creating more effective and efficient display signage content, for example, featuring the product information more prominently than the price. The study was conducted on a minimally packaged product, live plants, which may reduce the ability to generalize findings to other product types. Practical implications – The findings will assist retailers in creating more effective and efficient display signage content. The study used only one product category (plants) which may reduce the ability to generalize findings to other product types. Originality/value – The study is one of the first to use eye-tracking in a macro-level, holistic investigation of the attention-capturing value of display signage information and its relationship to likelihood to buy. Researchers, for the first time, now have the ability to empirically test the degree to which attention and decision-making are linked.

The “Waitrose effect” captures the notion that the presence of stores operated by Waitrose, an upmarket UK grocer, increases the value of nearby real estate. This paper considers the broader relationship between Waitrose store locations and neighbourhood type by comparing the health and wealth of neighbourhoods with and without access to Waitrose stores in England. Whilst we do not seek to imply causality, we demonstrate better health, wellbeing, and wealth in neighbourhoods falling within a Waitrose store catchment. In those neighbourhoods, median home prices were almost 2.5 times higher (in urban neighbourhoods) compared to neighbourhoods served only by other major grocers, which formed our control groups. Neighbourhoods in Waitrose catchment areas fare better on indicators of health too. In urban neighbourhoods falling within a Waitrose store catchment (accounting for 98% of Waitrose catchment neighbourhoods), residents are more likely to self-report very good health than those in our largest control groups. The prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders is also significantly lower in those neighbourhoods than in the control groups. Our findings strongly suggest that the presence or absence of a specific retailer (in this case, Waitrose, a mature and well-established chain) could serve as a proxy for neighbourhood characteristics. This could supplement existing multivariate indicators of neighbourhood type. We recommend more research to identify the extent to which locations of a single retail chain—across a variety of sectors—can encode neighbourhood health, wellbeing, and wealth. If the patterns observed with Waitrose stores hold true for other retailers, then the mix of retail stores within a given locality could serve as a useful proxy for neighbourhood type, with the potential for the change in retail mix to highlight changes in neighbourhood characteristics or composition.

Purpose This study aims to design a facility network for the weavers to do direct business in the Indian handloom industry by using tourists as potential customers. Design/methodology/approach Data from 4,001 weavers of the handloom industry and 82 tourist locations of Varanasi city were collected. This data was analysed using the k-mean and elbow methods to determine the locations and the optimal number of collection centres, selling stores and warehouses to provide opportunities for the weavers to do direct business. Findings The study's findings showed that a greater opportunity could be provided with four optimal collection centres and selling stores, along with two warehouses in the handloom industry of Varanasi city. These results provide valuable guidance for policymakers to plan the Varanasi handloom network of facilities efficiently and effectively to improve the conditions of weavers. Originality/value Determining the optimal locations is crucial for designing a facility network. The proposed network will aid the government and policymakers in comprehending and pinpointing potential sites to establish new facilities in the handloom industry in Varanasi, a city with tourism potential.

This book is concerned with the spatial aspects of the distributive trades. It provides a comprehensive insight into the relationship between consumer demand and retail supply in the context of both recent business trends and increasing planning controls. It unites a wide variety of theories and techniques to the practical problems confronting businessmen and planners and draws together the findings of a vast research literature on the geography of retailing. Extensive comparisons are drawn between conditions in North America and Western Europe. Originally published 1976. 'A valuable and welcome undergraduate textbook.' Environment and Planning 'Recommended unreservedly to managers and planners in the distributive trades and to all those who are concerned with the implications of current trends in the provision of shopping facilities.' Retail Distribution and Management

Changes in the philosophy of planning and the political influences behind it have led to an increasingly ambivalent approach to retail and commercial matters and a lack of clear goals and objectives as to what both central government and the local authorities should be concerned with. At the same time, changes within the distribution industry have brought new pressures to bear upon the environment which the conventional planning process seems ill-equipped to accommodate. This book, by an established leading authority, takes stock of the new problems to be confronted and provides the rudiments of an alternative planning approach to dealing with them. It begins by examining the growth of office blocks and shopping centres, and goes on to analyse and criticise the existing planning processes, suggesting alternative procedures. It looks at the dual needs of development on the one hand and renovation and redevelopment on the other and discusses how these should be dealt with in the future. More specific problems are also examined: the impact created by new shopping schemes, the decline of small shops and related activities, the conflict over transport demands and provisions and the special physical needs of particular urban and rural environments. Throughout, the argument is supported by detailed examples of particular developments. Originally published 1984. List of figures. List of tables. Acknowledgements. Preface. Part 1. The Basis to Retail and Commercial Planning 1. The System to be Planned. The Process of Distribution. Specific Elements for Control. Spatial Patterns of Activity. Conclusion 2. Pressures for Change. The Background to Behavioural Change. Changes Within the Distributive Trades. Conclusion 3. The Conventional Planning Process. The Role of Central Government. Development Plans and Development Control. Methodology and Research. Conclusion 4. An Alternative Planning Approach. Issues at the National and Regional Level. The Challenge to Local Authorities. Conclusion Part 2. The Subjects of General Management Plans 5. Examples of Strategic (Structure) Plans. The Case Studies. The Missing Components. Conclusion 6. Examples of Local (District) Plans. The Case Studies. The Scope for Improvement. Conclusion 7. Retail and Commercial Development. Retail Developments. Commercial Developments. Some Radical Alternatives. The Control of Development. Conclusion 8. Renovation and Redevelopment. The Historical Background. Newcastle upon Tyne and Covent Garden, London. Concepts for the City Centre. The Control of Change. Conclusion Part 3. Specific Problems and Specific Plans 9. The Impact of New Shopping Schemes. Some International Perspectives. Effects of Outlaying Shopping Schemes. Effects of Town Centre Shopping Schemes. Impact Assessment. Conclusion 10. Small Shops and Related Small Activities. Recent Trends in Growth and Decline. The Causes of Small Business Decline. Characteristics of Small Shops. Possible Forms of Assistance. Conclusion 11. Accessibility, Transport and Communications. The Concept of Accessibility. Specific Service Provisions. Developments in Communications. Conclusion 12. Special Area-based Considerations. Residential Area Requirements. Pressures on Smaller Town and City Centres. Rural Resource Impoverishment. Conclusion. Postscript. Index ‘A valuable and welcome undergraduate textbook.’ Environment and Planning ‘Recommended unreservedly to managers and planners in the distributive trades and to all those who are concerned with the implications of current trends in the provision of shopping facilities.’ Retail Distribution and Management

Managers of retail chains who seek to add new stores or close existing ones need to know the net impact of a store's opening/closure on the overall chain performance. This requires inferring the extent to which each store generates incremental sales as opposed to competing with other stores belonging to the chain for the same set of customers. However, when the chain is experiencing a growth or a decline in sales, not accounting for these dynamics in goodwill is likely to yield misleading estimates of incremental sales versus cannibalization. Moreover, firms might have been strategic in opening outlets in locations with favorable characteristics. We need to control for this location endogeneity while inferring the marginal effect of store opening/closure. In this paper, we develop a demand model that accounts for dynamics in goodwill, location endogeneity, and spatial competition between geographically proximate retail outlets. We calibrate the model parameters on both attitudinal and behavioral data for a fast food chain in a large U.S. city. The results imply that consumers perceive a travel cost of $0.60 per mile. As regards the composition of sales at individual stores, on average, 86.7% of sales constitute incremental purchases with the rest derived from cannibalized sales from nearby stores belonging to the chain. We also find significant decay in cannibalization with distance such that when the distance between stores increases by one mile, the sales lost due to cannibalization decreases by 28.1%; there is virtually no cannibalization at a distance of 10 miles. In terms of managerial applications, we discuss how managers can use the model presented in this paper to make two key decisions: (a) isolating locations that can be closed by identifying stores that yield the lowest marginal benefit to the chain and (b) dealing with franchisees' potential concerns about cannibalization. This paper was accepted by Preyas Desai, marketing.