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"Structural change"
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Organization design : a guide to building effective organizations
\"A complete guide to organization design, this book offers both an understanding of organizational theory as well as practical advice for how to implement OD in any organization. Divided into three sections, it covers the fundamentals of organizational design, provide a unique step-by-step methodology, and discuss solutions to recurring challenges. Topics include: the essential building blocks, mapping design options, how to assess capability maturity, how to size an organization, and how to maintain design integrity over time. Readers will gain the confidence and skills to put great organization design into practice to ensure business success. This second edition is updated with new case studies and short examples throughout particularly focusing on adding HR and International studies, more tips for practitioners, summaries at the beginning of each chapter and reflections at the end of each chapter\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
STRUCTURAL CHANGE WITH LONG-RUN INCOME AND PRICE EFFECTS
We present a new multi-sector growth model that features nonhomothetic, constant elasticity of substitution preferences, and accommodates long-run demand and supply drivers of structural change for an arbitrary number of sectors. The model is consistent with the decline in agriculture, the hump-shaped evolution of manufacturing, and the rise of services over time. We estimate the demand system derived from the model using household-level data from the United States and India, as well as historical aggregatelevel panel data for 39 countries during the postwar period. The estimated model parsimoniously accounts for the broad patterns of sectoral reallocation observed among rich, miracle, and developing economies. Our estimates support the presence of strong nonhomotheticity across time, income levels, and countries. We find that income effects account for the bulk of the within-country evolution of sectoral reallocation.
Journal Article
Agents of Structural Change: The Role of Firms and Entrepreneurs in Regional Diversification
Who introduces structural change in regional economies: Entrepreneurs or existing firms? And do local or nonlocal establishment founders create most novelty in a region? We develop a theoretical framework that focuses on the roles different agents play in regional transformation. We then apply this framework, using Swedish matched employer-employee data, to determine how novel the activities of new establishments are to a region. Incumbents mainly reinforce a region's current specialization: incumbent's growth, decline, and industry switching further align them with the rest of the local economy. The unrelated diversification required for structural change mostly originates via new establishments, especially via those with nonlocal roots. Interestingly, although entrepreneurs often introduce novel activities to a local economy, when they do so, their ventures have higher failure rates compared to new subsidiaries of existing firms. Consequently, new subsidiaries manage to create longer-lasting change in regions.
Journal Article
The agility shift : creating agile and effective leaders, teams, and organizations
\"As contrary as it sounds, \"planning\" - as we traditionally understand the term-can be the worst thing a company can do. Consider that volatile weather events disrupt trusted supply chains, markets, and promised delivery schedules. Ever-shifting geo-political tensions, as well as internal political upheaval within U.S. and global governments, derail long-planned new ventures. Technology failures block opportunities. Competitors suddenly change their product or release date; your team cannot meet the pace of innovations in your market niche, leaving you sidelined. There are myriad ways in the current business environment for a company's well-considered business plans to go awry. Most business schools continue to prepare managers to be effective in stable and predictable environments, conditions that, if they ever existed at all, are long gone. The Agility Shift shows business leaders exactly how to make the radical mindset and strategy shift necessary to create an agile, entrepreneurial organization that can innovate and thrive in complex, ever-changing contexts. As author Pamela Meyer explains, there is much more involved than a reconfiguration of the org chart and job descriptions. It requires relinquishing the illusion of control at the very foundation of most management training and business practice. Despite most leader's approaches, \"Agility is not simply accelerated planning.\" Unlike many agility books on the market, The Agility Shift provides specific, actionable strategies and tactics for leaders at all levels of the organization to put into practice immediately to improve agility and achieve results. \"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Urbanization with and without industrialization
We document a strong positive relationship between natural resource exports and urbanization in a sample of 116 developing nations over the period 1960–2010. In countries that are heavily dependent on resource exports, urbanization appears to be concentrated in “consumption cities” where the economies consist primarily of non-tradable services. These contrast with “production cities” that are more dependent on manufacturing in countries that have industrialized. Consumption cities in resource exporters also appear to perform worse along several measures of welfare. We offer a simple model of structural change that can explain the observed patterns of urbanization and the associated differences in city types. We note that although the development literature often assumes that urbanization is synonymous with industrialization, patterns differ markedly across developing countries. We discuss several possible implications for policy.
Journal Article
Two Perspectives on Preferences and Structural Transformation
We assess the empirical importance of changes in income and relative prices for structural transformation in the postwar United States. We explain two natural approaches to the data: sectors may be categories of final expenditure or value added; e.g., the service sector may be the final expenditure on services or the value added from service industries. We estimate preferences for each approach and find that with final expenditure income effects are the dominant force behind structural transformation, whereas with value-added categories price effects are more important. We show how the inputoutput structure of the United States can reconcile these findings.
Journal Article
TESTING FOR SMOOTH STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN TIME SERIES MODELS VIA NONPARAMETRIC REGRESSION
Checking parameter stability of econometric models is a long-standing problem. Almost all existing structural change tests in econometrics are designed to detect abrupt breaks. Little attention has been paid to smooth structural changes, which may be more realistic in economics. We propose a consistent test for smooth structural changes as well as abrupt structural breaks with known or unknown change points. The idea is to estimate smooth time-varying parameters by local smoothing and compare the fitted values of the restricted constant parameter model and the unrestricted time-varying parameter model. The test is asymptotically pivotal and does not require prior information about the alternative. A simulation study highlights the merits of the proposed test relative to a variety of popular tests for structural changes. In an application, we strongly reject the stability of univariate and multivariate stock return prediction models in the postwar and post-oil-shocks periods.
Journal Article
Labour share decline, financialisation and structural change
The purpose of this article is to explain the determinants behind the decline of labour share in the last three to four decades in OECD countries. In our view, this decline was determined by financialisation and was deepened by the structural changes that occurred almost simultaneously in those economies. Financialisation, or finance-dominated capitalism, from the 1980s onwards, was a key element in the strategic offensive of the advanced countries’ dominant classes to appropriate higher shares of national income and to restore their control over the political process, a control that had been threatened by a generalised advancement of the labour movement in the 1970s. The development of a finance-dominated capitalism was helped by the process of globalisation, which affected not only OECD countries but also many others. A new, though unstable, macroeconomic model emerged, which we will call financial capitalism. In financial capitalism, trade unions lost power vis-à-vis capital, labour flexibility increased enormously, and a structural change from manufacturing to services was accelerated in rich countries. This resulted in negative consequences for labour share and income inequality. After having provided a theoretical discussion of the determinants of the compression of the wage share, making reference to the relevant literature, we submit our hypotheses to empirical scrutiny, performing a panel data analysis on 28 OECD Countries. The results of the estimations provide support to the theoretical argument.
Journal Article
Structural Changes in Persistence of Mortality
Recent researchers have observed that long-memory is prevalent in mortality data. Related to a quantifiable measure of persistence, it is an important characteristic of mortality dynamics. However, prior researchers did not consider potential change in the persistence degree and assumed it is constant. This article for the first time considers change in the persistence of mortality and demonstrates that mortality data displays obvious and substantial such changes. We apply a test of Martins and Rodrigues, a tool that has already been demonstrated to be effective in macroeconomics research, to detect the change in persistence in mortality time series for the first time. Our approach considers changes both in persistence and also in trend, separately, for each single-age mortality time series. Our results show that these two types of structural changes are very different in the aspects of age clustering and the time points of breaks. In experiments on simulated data, our model presents the best accuracy in the estimation of persistence degree compared to two control models.
Journal Article