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By collecting longitudinal learner and learning data from a range of resources, predictive learning analytics (PLA) are used to identify learners who may not complete a course, typically described as being at risk. Mixed effects are observed as to how teachers perceive, use, and interpret PLA data, necessitating further research in this direction. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether providing teachers in a distance learning higher education institution with PLA data predicts students' performance and empowers teachers to identify and assist students at risk. Using principles of Technology Acceptance and Academic Resistance models, a university-wide, multi-methods study with 59 teachers, nine courses, and 1325 students revealed that teachers can positively affect students' performance when engaged with PLA. Follow-up semi-structured interviews illuminated teachers' actual uses of the predictive data and revealed its impact on teaching practices and intervention strategies to support students at risk.

Research has found 96% of autistic individuals experience sensory processing difficulties, and being a parent presents many sensory demands that may be especially challenging for autistic mothers. Despite the high prevalence, no research exists exploring the sensory experiences of autistic mothers, highlighting the gap in current knowledge. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 7 autistic mothers, data were analysed using thematic analysis identifying 5 major themes: antenatal experiences, sensory experiences in motherhood, the impact of sensory processing difficulties, strategies and needs, diagnosis. This research provides greater insight and understanding into the sensory experiences of autistic mothers which can influence earlier diagnosis and inform appropriate support and adaptations for autistic mothers in a variety of different sectors and highlights a possible emerging role for Occupational Therapists.

We conducted an online survey of adult health care providers at Kaiser Permanente Northern California and semi-structured interviews with a subset of physicians. The survey assessed providers’ ability to recognize autism spectrum disorder (ASD), asked them to rate their autism knowledge, comfort level in treating affected patients, and evaluated training and resource needs. 922 providers completed the survey (response rate 25.3 %), and 9 were interviewed by telephone regarding their autism training and experiences caring for patients with autism. Most providers reported lacking skills and tools to care for this adult patient population. A high proportion of adult providers were not aware that they had patients with ASD. These findings underscore the need to educate physicians caring for adults with ASD.

This mixed-methods study examined gender differences in the social motivation and friendship experiences of adolescent boys and girls with autism relative to those without autism, all educated within special education settings. Autistic girls showed similar social motivation and friendship quality to non-autistic girls, while autistic boys reported having both qualitatively different friendships and less motivation for social contact relative to boys without autism and to girls with and without autism. Semi-structured interviews with the adolescents corroborated these findings, with one exception: autistic girls reported high levels of relational aggression within their friendships, suggesting that girls on the autism spectrum in particular may struggle with identifying and dealing with conflict in their social lives.

Why did you do this work?Many patients who visit the children’s theatre suite (CTS) have additional support needs (ASN) and present unique challenges and understanding how best to support them can be complex.1 Similar quality improvement projects typically make recommendations for the perioperative management of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) but not children who fit better under the ‘ASN’ umbrella term.1 Children may present with behaviours that challenge, increasing barriers to healthcare, due to communication difficulties, sensory needs and more, features which do not only occur in children with diagnoses of ASD.2 What did you do?This project aims to ensure reasonable adjustments are made for these patients and improving the preassessment process was identified as an area that could accommodate this through the adaptation and implementation of an individualised ‘anaesthetic passport’ tool which has been used elsewhere. Supporting children on a needs basis aligns with the principles of GIRFEC and the World Health Organisation’s ICF document which describes disability in terms of functionality rather than diagnosis. This project was approached using a human factors theoretical framework with the first three phases of the double diamond design3 outlining the structure. Qualitative data was analysed using the Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety model (SEIPS).4 The ‘discover’ phase involved 5 days of non-participant observations in the CTS. Both the ‘define’ and ‘develop’ phases involved semi-structured interviews with 10 patient-carer units and 12 healthcare staff.What did you find?The ‘discover’ phase helped identify various issues which acted as barriers to identifying patients with ASN, creating a consistent preoperative assessment that isn’t only focused on medical needs, but wider additional support needs and a consistent strategy for introducing adaptations to improve the patient’s perioperative experience. The semi-structured interviews highlighted the impact of organisational barriers which create a negative perioperative experience for the paediatric patient with ASN. The failure to identify these patients and in turn systematically gather appropriate information and prepare the patient for their visit led to a higher proportion of staff (66%) having a negative perspective of working with patients with ASN. A ‘What Matters to Me’ individualised anaesthetic passport tool was created as well as a guidance document for staff surrounding it’s use. A social story aimed at outlining the hospital journey was also developed to aid in patient preparation at home.What does it mean?The tools created during the ‘develop’ phase of the double diamond framework could enhance the preassessment process by bridging the gap between patients who receive a preassessment and those who do not. According to interview results, this organisational improvement can be implemented without significantly increasing staff workload. By establishing a standard baseline for information gathering and patient preparedness for surgery, the process could become more efficient and consistent.ReferencesKoski S, Gabriels RL, Beresford C. Interventions for paediatric surgery patients with comorbid autism spectrum disorder: a systematic literature review. Arch Dis Child. 2016;101:1090–4. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ Harries J, Guscia R, Nettelbeck T, Kirby N. Impact of additional disabilities on adaptive behavior and support profiles for people with intellectual disabilities. Am J Intellect Dev Disabil. 2009 Jul;114(4):237–53.Ball J. The Double Diamond: A universally accepted depiction of the design process [Internet]. Design Council- Design for Planet . 2022 [cited 2023 Dec 2]. Available from: https://www.designcouncil.org.uk/our-work/news-opinion/double-diamond-universally-accepted-depiction-design-processHolden RJ, Carayon P, Gurses AP, Hoonakker P, Hundt AS, Ozok AA, et al. SEIPS 2.0: a human factors framework for studying and improving the work of healthcare professionals and patients. Ergonomics 2013;56:1669–86.

Camouflaging is described as a set of strategies used to prevent others from noticing one’s social difficulties. Research indicates heightened levels of camouflaging behaviours in the adult autistic population. To extend understanding of camouflaging in adolescents, this mixed-methods study explored camouflaging behaviours in offline and online contexts with 40 autistic and 158 non-autistic adolescents. At the quantitative phase, participants completed measures of camouflaging behaviours (online vs offline) and measures of social media use. Following this, six autistic adolescents participated in semi-structured interviews. Findings indicate that in the offline context, autistic adolescents camouflage more than non-autistic adolescents. Online, autistic participants camouflage less than they do offline, and females camouflage more than males. Implications for research and theory are discussed.

ObjectivesPlay is an integral aspect of childhood. All children have a right to play and share their perspectives on matters that affect their lives.1 Research shows that children’s health is associated with their ability and willingness to play,2 3 and that young children perceive play as related to their sense of health and wellbeing.4 This research sought to understand how play is experienced by children when childhood occurs in a hospital setting. The aim of this work was to explore how play is integrated into paediatric hospitalisation from the perspectives of children as the experts of their own play experiences.MethodsA qualitative study was conducted over five months on a paediatric haematology/oncology ward, consisting of ethnographic observations and semi-structured interviews with young patients and hospital staff. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was used to examine the data.ResultsSixteen children, ages 3–13, participated in semi-structured interviews during their inpatient hospital stays. Three themes were generated from observational field notes as well as children’s descriptions and demonstrations of play in hospital:Play is a natural aspect of childhood, but not a natural aspect of hospitals. Children need to feel safe and welcome to play.Playing in hospital is not always straightforward; children decide for themselves when play in hospital is helpful or good.Play is valuable to all children, regardless of context. Play is a way for paediatric patients to be children.ConclusionWhen children face early health adversity, there is a risk of dismissing or undervaluing the importance that play continues to hold within their childhoods. Children in this study expressed ways in which play is a crucial aspect of experiencing childhood in the atypical hospital environment, how play promotes their sense of choice and agency amidst health adversity, and their perception that engaging in play is related to demonstrating care. Respecting children as individuals with rights in hospital settings requires a more comprehensive understanding of and appreciation for children’s own value for play as it relates to their experience of health care and wellbeing during childhood. These findings can inform how meaningful patient-centred care is implemented in paediatric settings.ReferencesConvention on the Rights of the Child, United Nations General Assembly, 1989.Koukourikos K, et al. The Importance of Play during Hospitalization of Children, 2015.Nijhof SL, et al. Healthy play, better coping: The importance of play for the development of children in health and disease, 2018.Robinson CA, Preschool children’s conceptualizations of health and illness, 1987.

To describe three styles of interviews and discuss issues regarding planning and conducting interviews. Interviews are probably the approach most used to collect data in studies. They are particularly useful in uncovering the story behind a participant's experiences. Researchers can follow a line of questions to gain information about a topic, or further explore responses or findings. But the researcher needs to plan and decide the format of the interview before collecting data. The authors included papers on structured, unstructured and semi-structured interviews published in a peer-reviewed joumrnal and in English. Interviews are one of the most common metods of data collection in qualitative research. However they require the researcher to have a sound understanding of their use and appropriateness. The ability to conduct interviews is one that develops over time and to aid the researcher in developing their interview skills they should consult with other researchers, seeking comments and advice and, critically, to appraise audio recordings. This article aims to support students who are undertaking research modules as part of their academic studies, writing a research proposal or novice researchers who are about to use interviews as a means of data collection. To conduct a successful interview, researchers need to develop their interview technique, choose the right method and carefully plan for all aspects of the process.

The purpose of this study is to identify the methodological aspects in the construction of the semi-structured interview protocol. The development of the protocol implies the methodological articulation (i.e. the coherence between question, objective, research object, design, scenario, participants, and the technique to be used). Regarding the construction of the semi-structured interview protocol, four specific phases are considered: (1) the identification of the research topics, (2) the construction of the interview script, (3) the external evaluation of the protocol, and (4) the piloting and fine-tuning of the protocol. Each of these phases guarantee greater rigor in the qualitative research under development.

Qualitative interviewing is a flexible and powerful tool to capture the voices and the ways people make meaning of their experience Learning to conduct semi-structure interviews requires the following six stages: (a) selecting the type of interview; (b) establishing ethical guidelines, (c) crafting the interview protocol; (d) conducting and recording the interview; (e) crafting the interview protocol; and (f) reporting the findings. A researcher's personal journey in crafting an interview protocol to interview HIV researchers is summarized. She highlights that training and experience are crucial and identifies some readings that can help in the process. Key Words: Semi-structured Interview, Qualitative Interview, and Qualitative Methods