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Purpose The traditional Chinese herbal medicine Suaeda salsa (L.) Pall ( S. salsa ) with a digesting food effect was taken as the research object, and its chemical composition and action mechanism were explored. Methods The chemical constituents of S. salsa were isolated and purified by column chromatography, and their structures were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance. The food accumulation model in mice was established, and the changes of the aqueous extract of S. salsa in gastric emptying and intestinal propulsion rate, colonic tissue lesions, serum brain-gut peptide hormone, colonic tissue protein expression, and gut microbiota structure were compared. Results Ten compounds were isolated from S. salsa named as naringenin ( 1 ), hesperetin ( 2 ), baicalein ( 3 ), luteolin ( 4 ), isorhamnetin ( 5 ), taxifolin ( 6 ), isorhamnetin-3- O -β- d -glucoside ( 7 ), luteolin-3′- d -glucuronide ( 8 ), luteolin-7- O -β- d -glucuronide ( 9 ), and quercetin-3- O -β- d -glucuronide ( 10 ), respectively. The aqueous extract of S. salsa can improve the pathological changes of the mice colon and intestinal peristalsis by increasing the rate of gastric emptying and intestinal propulsion. By adjusting the levels of 5-HT, CCK, NT, SS, VIP, GT-17, CHE, MTL, and ghrelin, it can upregulate the levels of c-kit, SCF, and GHRL protein, and restore the imbalanced structure of gut microbiota, further achieve the purpose of treating the syndrome of indigestion. The effect is better with the increase of dose. Conclusion S. salsa has a certain therapeutic effect on mice with the syndrome of indigestion. From the perspective of “brain-gut-gut microbiota”, the mechanism of digestion and accumulation of S. salsa was discussed for the first time, which provided an experimental basis for further exploring the material basis of S. salsa .

Planting halophytes such as Suaeda salsa (L.) Pall. under drip irrigation is a viable solution for the remediation of saline soils. We conducted this study to investigate the effects of different irrigation volumes and planting densities on the growth and salt uptake of Suaeda salsa under drip irrigation. The plant was cultivated in a field using drip irrigation at various irrigation volumes (3000 m·hm−2 (W1), 3750 m·hm−2 (W2), and 4500 m·hm−2 (W3)) and planting densities (30 plants·m−2 (D1), 40 plants·m−2 (D2), 50 plants·m−2 (D3), and 60 plants·m−2 (D4)) to examine the effects on growth and salt uptake. The study revealed that the amount of irrigation, planting density, and interaction between the two significantly affected the growth characteristics of Suaeda salsa. The plant height, stem diameter, and canopy width increased simultaneously with an increase in the irrigation volume. However, with an increasing planting density and the same irrigation volume, the plant height first increased and then decreased, while the stem diameter and canopy width decreased simultaneously. The biomass of D1 was the highest with the W1 irrigation, while that of D2 and D3 were highest with the W2 and W3 irrigations. The amount of irrigation, planting density, and their interaction significantly affected the ability of Suaeda salsa to absorb salt. The salt uptake increased initially and then decreased with an increasing irrigation volume. At the same planting density, the salt uptake of Suaeda salsa with the W2 treatment was 5.67~23.76% and 6.40~27.10% higher than that with W1 and W3, respectively. Using the multiobjective spatial optimization method, the scientific and reasonable irrigation volume for planting Suaeda salsa in arid areas was determined to be 3276.78~3561.32 m3·hm−2, and the corresponding planting density was 34.29~43.27 plants·m−2. These data can be a theoretical basis for planting Suaeda salsa under drip irrigation to improve saline–alkali soils.

Halophytes are adapted to saline environments and demonstrate optimal reproductive growth under high salinity. To gain insight into the salt tolerance mechanism and effects of salinity in the halophyte , the number of flowers and seeds, seed size, anther development, ion content, and flower transcript profiles, as well as the relative expression levels of genes involved in ion transport, were analyzed in plants treated with 0 or 200 mM NaCl. The seed size, flower number, seed number per leaf axil, and anther fertility were all significantly increased by 200 mM NaCl treatment. The Na and Cl contents in the leaves, stems, and pollen of NaCl-treated plants were all markedly higher, and the K content in the leaves and stems was significantly lower, than those in untreated control plants. By contrast, the K content in pollen grains did not decrease, but rather increased, upon NaCl treatment. Genes related to Na , K and, Cl transport, such as , , , , and , showed increased expression in the flowers of NaCl-treated plants. These results suggest that ionic homeostasis in reproductive organs, especially in pollen grains under salt-treated conditions, involves increased expression of ion transport-related genes.

Soil salinization imposes severe stress to plants, inhibits plant growth, and severely limits agricultural productivity and land utilization. The response of a single plant to saline-alkali stress has been well investigated. However, the plant community that usually works as a group to defend against saline–alkali stress was neglected. To determine the functions of plant community, in our current work, Suaeda salsa ( S. salsa ) community and Puccinellia tenuiflora ( P. tenuiflora ) community, two communities that are widely distributed in Hulun Buir Grassland in Northeastern China, were selected as research objects. Ionomic and metabolomic were applied to compare the differences between S. salsa community and P. tenuiflora community from the aspects of ion transport and phenolic compound accumulation, respectively. Ionomic studies demonstrated that many macroelements, including potassium (K) and calcium (Ca), were highly accumulated in S. salsa community whereas microelement manganese (Mn) was highly accumulated in P. tenuiflora community. In S. salsa community, transportation of K to aboveground parts of plants helps to maintain high K + and low Na + concentrations whereas the accumulation of Ca triggers the salt overly sensitive (SOS)-Na + system to efflux Na + . In P. tenuiflora community, enrichment of Mn in roots elevates the level of Mn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) and increases the resistance to saline–alkali stress. Metabolomic studies revealed the high levels of C6C1-compounds and C6C3C6-compounds in S. salsa community and also the high levels of C6C3-compounds in P. tenuiflora community. C6C1-compounds function as signaling molecules to defend against stress and may stimulate the accumulation of C6C3C6-compounds. C6C3-compounds contribute to the elimination of free radicals and the maintenance of cell morphology. Collectively, our findings determine the abundance of phenolic compounds and various elements in S. salsa community and P. tenuiflora community in Hulun Buir Grassland and we explored different responses of S. salsa community and P. tenuiflora community to cope with saline–alkali stress. Understanding of plant response strategies from the perspective of community teamwork may provide a feasible and novel way to transform salinization land.

Salinity inhibits plant growth due to salt ion accumulation in plant cells and reduced absorption of other nutrients such as metal ions; however halophyte plants have evolved mechanisms to survive and thrive in high-salt conditions. The euhalophyte Suaeda salsa generates dimorphic seeds (black and brown), which show marked differences in germination and seedling growth under high-salt conditions. However, it is unclear whether their ionic status differs. Here, to provide insight on the role of ions in salt tolerance, we used inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to measure the ion contents in the dimorphic seeds from S. salsa plants treated with or without NaCl. We measured the macroelements Na, K, Mg, and Ca, and the microelements Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mo. NaCl-treated S. salsa plants produced seeds with significantly reduced metallic element contents and significantly increased Na + contents. The brown seeds of S. salsa plants treated with 0 and 200 mM NaCl had much higher contents of K + , Ca 2+ , and Fe 2+ compared with the black seeds. However, the S. salsa seeds (both black and brown) from NaCl-treated plants were significantly larger, and had higher germination rate and higher seedling salt tolerance compared with seeds from plants not treated with NaCl. Interestingly, we measured significantly higher Zn 2+ contents in the brown seeds from plants treated with NaCl compared with the black seeds. This suggests that the high contents of Zn 2+ and other cations affected seed development and salt tolerance during germination under high-salt conditions. These observations provide insight into the mechanisms of salt tolerance in this halophyte and inform efforts to increase salt tolerance in salt-sensitive species.

To improve the remediation of heavy metal pollution by typical wetland vegetation and maintain the health of wetland ecosystems under the water-sediment regulation scheme (WSRS) application, we evaluated the potential ecological risk of heavy metals in surface sediment in the Yellow River estuary affected by the WSRS. The ranges of Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb content in surface sediment were 52.44–100.80 mg·kg −1 dry weight (DW), 16.38–21.19 mg·kg −1 DW, 64.77–255.50 mg·kg −1 DW, 0.12–0.24 mg·kg −1 DW, and 5.40–8.63 mg·kg −1 DW, respectively, and potential ecological risk coefficients showed that Cd was associated with moderate potential risk. We further examined effects of Cd in a greenhouse experiment to explore the influence of short-term Cd input and water logging condition changes induced by WSRS on the Cd absorption characteristics of Suaeda salsa (L.) Pall in the Yellow River estuary. The results showed that total biomass decreased but Cd content in tissue of S. salsa increased with increasing Cd input and the accumulation factor reached maximum values at 100 μg·L −1 of Cd, indicating that S. salsa efficiently accumulated Cd. Water logging depth significantly affected S. salsa growth and Cd absorption with deeper water logging being detrimental to growth. The interaction effect of Cd input and water logging depth on Cd content and accumulation factor was significant. These results suggest that WSRS caused short-term heavy metal input and changes in water conditions affect wetland vegetation growth and heavy metal absorption in the downstream estuary.

Background Halophytes show optimal reproduction under high-salinity conditions. However, the role of NaCl in reproduction and its possible mechanisms in the euhalophyte Suaeda salsa remain to be elucidated. Results We performed transcript profiling of S. salsa flowers and measured starch accumulation in ovules, sugar contents in flowers, and photosynthetic parameters in the leaves of plants supplied with 0 and 200 mM NaCl. Starch accumulation in ovules, sugar contents in flowers and ovules, and net photosynthetic rate and photochemical efficiency in leaves were significantly higher in NaCl-treated plants vs. the control. We identified 14,348 differentially expressed genes in flowers of NaCl-treated vs. control plants. Many of these genes were predicted to be associated with photosynthesis, carbon utilization, and sugar and starch metabolism. These genes are crucial for maintaining photosystem structure, regulating electron transport, and improving photosynthetic efficiency in NaCl-treated plants. In addition, genes encoding fructokinase and sucrose phosphate synthase were upregulated in flowers of NaCl-treated plants. Conclusions The higher starch and sugar contents in the ovules and flowers of S. salsa in response to NaCl treatment are likely due to the upregulation of genes involved in photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism, which increase photosynthetic efficiency and accumulation of photosynthetic products under these conditions.

PurposeTo evaluate the effects of enhanced nitrogen (N) load on turnover of phosphorus (P) in Suaeda salsa marsh in the Yellow River estuary, the variation and allocation of P in the plant-soil system were investigated in the growing season.MethodsThis study was explored by field N addition experiment which included four load levels: NNL (no N load treatment, 0 gN m−2 yr−1), LNL (low N load treatment, 3.0 gN m−2 yr−1), MNL (medium N load treatment, 6 gN m−2 yr−1), and HNL (high N load treatment, 12 gN m−2 yr−1).ResultsIn most sampling periods, the TP contents in soils in the LNL, MNL, and HNL treatments showed a decreasing trend compared to the NNL treatment. With increasing N load levels, the contents of non-available decomposed P in soils decreased by 3.08 ~ 5.22%, while those of easily available and moderately available P increased by 0.36 ~ 8.92% and 1.21 ~ 24.24%, respectively. The variations of NaOH-Po, Resin-Pi, and NaHCO3-Po contents primarily rested with the duration of N import, while those of NaOH-Pi, Residual-P, NaHCO3-Pi, and HCl-Pi contents mainly depended on the levels of N load. Dissimilar variations of TP contents in plant tissues in the growing season were observed among N load levels, which were dependent on the structure and function of organs and the nutrient function of P at distinct growth stages. The P absorption coefficients (PAC) of plants in N load treatments increased by 31.82 ~ 36.36%, while the P utilization coefficients (PUC) decreased by 4.96 ~ 13.33%.ConclusionThis paper found that the S. salsa was very likely to adjust its growth rhythm and P absorption/utilization capacity to adapt N load environment. Particularly, as N load reached medium level, the P supply relationships between aboveground and belowground tissues and the P transferences in the plant-soil system were greatly altered, indicating that the S. salsa might have a special response to the medium N enrichment. Thus, the potential impacts of medium N load level on S. salsa marsh should be emphasized in the future.

Understanding the role of root cell walls in the mechanism of plant tolerance to salinity requires elucidation of the changes caused by salinity in the interactions between the mechanical properties of the cell walls and root growth, and between the chemical composition of the cell walls and root growth. Here, we investigated cell wall composition and extensibility of roots by growing a halophyte (Suaeda salsa) and a glycophyte (Spinacia oleracea) species under an NaCl concentration gradient. Root growth was inhibited by increased salinity in both species. However, root growth was more strongly reduced in S. oleracea than in S. salsa. Salinity reduced cell wall extensibility in S. oleracea significantly, whereas treatment with up to 200 mM NaCl increased it in S. salsa. Meanwhile, S. salsa root cell walls exhibited relatively high cell wall stiffness under 300 mM NaCl treatment, which resist wall deformation under such stress conditions. There was no decrease in pectin content with salinity treatment in the cell walls of the elongation zone of S. salsa roots. Conversely, a decrease in pectin content was noted with increasing salinity in S. oleracea, which might be due to Na+ accumulation. Cellulose content and uronic acid proportions in pectin increased with salinity in both species. Our results suggest that (1) cell wall pectin plays important roles in cell wall extension in both species under salinity, and that the salt tolerance of glycophyte S. oleracea is affected by the pectin; (2) cellulose limits root elongation under saline conditions in both species, but in halophytes, a high cell wall content and the proportion of cellulose in cell walls may be a salt tolerance mechanism that protects the stability of cell structure under salt stress; and (3) the role of the cell wall in root growth under salinity is more prominent in the glycophyte than in the halophyte.

In this paper, we studied the changes of Hg and MeHg contents in Liaohe estuarine Suaeda salsa soils under anaerobic conditions by simulated indoor incubation at constant temperature and whether the changes of salinity (CK, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%) affected SRB and dominated the formation of MeHg. The lowest Hg content is found in the subsurface Suaeda salsa soils at 2.0% salinity. The MeHg content in the soil also showed a general trend of increasing and then decreasing with increasing flooding salinity, and the MeHg content was higher at 0.5–1.0% flooding salinity. SRB was present in the soil under all salinity conditions and reached the maximum value at 15 days of incubation. The SRB content was higher under CK, S1 and S2 conditions, and the soil MeHg content showed a significant positive correlation with the number of SRB bacteria, indicating that the formation of MeHg was related to SRB which is of great significance to the study of estuarine wetlands.