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Examining a vast historical period of 2500 years, Kroker separates the problems associated with the history of dreaming from those associated with sleep itself and charts sleep-related diseases such as narcolepsy, insomnia, and sleep apnea.

The field of sleep medicine has gone through tremendous evolution since the discovery of REM sleep in 1953 and remarkable research in recent years has led to multiple advances in sleep medicine. Approvals for new medicines for treating sleep disorders along with new evidence-based interventions for insomnia and sleep apnea, have transformed sleep medicine into a medical specialty in its own right. The Latest Trends in Sleep Medicine reviews the most important improvements in sleep medicine, with contributions from over fifteen international and respected experts in the discipline. Ten chapters cover topics of interest to healthcare professionals who are focused on somnology such as the management of sleep disorders, restless leg syndrome, sleep apnea medication and surgery, REM sleep behavior disorder and cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia. In addition to these topics in medicine, the contributors present broader picture of sleep medicine by reviewing secondary topics such as sleep and aging, and driving safety. The Latest Trends in Sleep Medicine will be useful to healthcare professionals seeking to improve their understanding about contemporary sleep medicine. It also serves as a timely update for respiratory and sleep medicine clinicians, whose efforts are still needed in treating and improving the quality and length of life in patients with complex sleep disorders.

Reprints an article first published in this journal 100 years ago in which the author discusses the working of the unconscious in pathological states, the conscious repression of experiences with which intense and disagreeable emotions have been associated, and how these may manifest in various disguised or symbolic forms. Source: National Library of New Zealand Te Puna Matauranga o Aotearoa, licensed by the Department of Internal Affairs for re-use under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 New Zealand Licence.

Impaired consciousness is a hallmark of epileptic seizures, but the degree of impairment differs depending on the seizure type. Here, Andrea Cavanna and Francesco Monaco review recent insights into the brain mechanisms that underlie alterations of consciousness during epileptic seizures and argue that clinical assessment should take into account both patients' levels of awareness and their subjective contents of consciousness. Impaired consciousness has long been considered the hallmark of epileptic seizures. Both generalized seizures and complex partial seizures are characterized by a multifaceted spectrum of altered conscious states, in terms of the general level of awareness and the subjective contents of consciousness. Complete loss of consciousness occurs when epileptic activity involves both cortical and subcortical structures, as in tonic–clonic seizures and absence seizures. Medial temporal lobe discharges can selectively impair experience in complex partial seizures (with affected responsiveness) and certain simple partial seizures (with unaffected responsiveness). Electrical stimulation of temporal lobe structures has been shown to evoke similar subjective experiences. Findings from neurophysiological and brain-imaging studies in epilepsy have now demonstrated that involvement of the bilateral thalamus and upper brainstem leads to selective impairment of frontoparietal association cortices and midline 'default mode' networks, which results in ictal loss of consciousness. The spread of epileptic discharges from the medial temporal lobe to the same subcortical structures can ultimately cause impairment in the level of consciousness in the late ictal and immediate postictal phase of complex partial seizures. This paper reviews novel insights into the brain mechanisms that underlie alterations of consciousness during epileptic seizures and the implications for clinical practice in terms of diagnosis and management. Key Points A patient's level of general awareness and subjective contents of consciousness can both be altered to some degree during epileptic seizures Generalized seizures (tonic–clonic seizures and absence seizures) are characterized by complete loss of consciousness—that is, unresponsiveness in the absence of any ictal experience Complex partial seizures (especially those with a medial temporal lobe focus) are associated with variable degrees of responsiveness and specific alterations in the subjective ictal experience Neurophysiological and functional neuroimaging studies suggest that, in generalized and complex partial seizures, bilateral thalamus and upper brainstem involvement causes selective disruption of frontoparietal associative networks, which results in impaired consciousness Ictal impairment of the general level of awareness seems related to transient disruption of frontoparietal and midline associative networks, which subserve 'default mode' brain function during the conscious resting state

The current neuroscientific research in the field of emotion studies highlights a paradigm of scientific research that must be categorized as functional science. As functional science, the neuroscientific theory of the \"neuron doctrine\" combined with a Jungian theory of the \"complex doctrine\" hold significant potential for a natural human science and a psychological study of affectivity. Though researchers utilize psychological constructs similar to those proposed by Carl Jung, there appears to be a \"fear of Jung,\" that is, a professional fear of invoking Jung's name or his psychological research. One familiar with Jung's works notice similar terminology, ideas, and even conclusions. The marginalization and neglect of Jung's psychological insights from a serious \"empirical-scientific\" approach to psychology is due to many factors. Jung did not reduce psychological experience to the body or brain; a reductive science does not consider seriously the reality of the psyche. This work is an initial contribution to a psychological and neurological study of personal emotional experience. The complex is a personal reality that exists as a confluence of body and psyche, and is present to the psyche as an image. Affective science must consider the functional role of the complexes as well as the neurological functions in the human experience of emotions.

The meanings and causes of hearing voices that others cannot hear (auditory verbal hallucinations, in psychiatric parlance) have been debated for thousands of years. Voice-hearing has been both revered and condemned, understood as a symptom of disease as well as a source of otherworldly communication. Those hearing voices have been viewed as mystics, potential psychiatric patients or simply just people with unusual experiences, and have been beatified, esteemed or accepted, as well as drugged, burnt or gassed. This book travels from voice-hearing in the ancient world through to contemporary experience, examining how power, politics, gender, medicine and religion have shaped the meaning of hearing voices. Who hears voices today, what these voices are like and their potential impact are comprehensively examined. Cutting edge neuroscience is integrated with current psychological theories to consider what may cause voices and the future of research in voice-hearing is explored.

This paper explores the use of Private Subconscious Mind Healing (P.S.H. Therapy), a specialised therapeutic modality with its origins in hypnosis, in working with mothers experiencing the debilitating condition known as Hyperemesis Gravidarum, which is characterised by persistent severe nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. The aim of this paper is to contribute to the growing body of evidence into the effectiveness of P.S.H. Therapy in the relief of psychosomatic type illnesses of which Hyperemesis Gravidarum may come under that classification, especially if predominantly approached from the psycho/social perspective. Part 1 provides an analysis of Hyperemesis Gravidarum, and discusses the application of hypnosis and P.S.H. Therapy in treatment.

This paper explores the use of the Private Subconscious Mind Healing (P.S.H. Therapy), a specialised therapeutic modality with its origins in hypnosis, in working with mothers experiencing the debilitating condition known as Hyperemesis Gravidarum, which is characterised by persistent severe nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. The aim of this paper is to contribute to the growing body of evidence into the effectiveness of P.S.H. Therapy in the relief of psychosomatic type illnesses of which Hyperemesis Gravidarum may come under that classification, especially if predominantly approached from the psycho/social perspective. Part 1 provided an analysis of Hyperemesis Gravidarum, and discussed the application of hypnosis and P.S.H. Therapy in treatment. Part 2 presents clinical findings and outcomes of P.S.H. Therapy on five mothers who were suffering from Hyperemesis Gravidarum.