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Leadership is half the story : a fresh look at followership, leadership, and collaboration
\"Leadership is Half the Story introduces the first model to seamlessly integrate leadership, followership, and partnerships. This research-backed, field-tested book contributes many new ideas and practical advice for everyone in an organization--from CEO to HR director to front-line manager to consultant. All of us lead, not just those with the formal title. All of us follow, not just front-line staff. In great collaborations, one moment we are leading and then we flip to following; in other words, the relationship between leadership and followership is dynamic, context-specific, and ever-evolving. This empowering perspective opens up leadership to everyone, normalizes followership, and enables more productive and innovative collaborations. Candid discussions about both roles allow for better coaching, mentoring, skill development, and interpersonal agility, and result in stronger teams.\"-- From publisher's website.
Book
Ten Equivalent Definitions of the Fractional Laplace Operator
This article discusses several definitions of the fractional Laplace operator
L
= — (—Δ)
α
/2
in
R
d
, also known as the Riesz fractional derivative operator; here
α
∈ (0,2) and
d
≥ 1. This is a core example of a nonlocal pseudo-differential operator, appearing in various areas of theoretical and applied mathematics. As an operator on Lebesgue spaces ℒ
p
(with
p
∈ [1,∞)), on the space 𝒞
0
of continuous functions vanishing at infinity and on the space 𝒞
bu
of bounded uniformly continuous functions,
L
can be defined, among others, as a singular integral operator, as the generator of an appropriate semigroup of operators, by Bochner’s subordination, or using harmonic extensions. It is relatively easy to see that all these definitions agree on the space of appropriately smooth functions. We collect and extend known results in order to prove that in fact all these definitions are completely equivalent: on each of the above function spaces, the corresponding operators have a common domain and they coincide on that common domain.
Journal Article
Measuring Syntactic Complexity in L2 Writing Using Fine-Grained Clausal and Phrasal Indices
Syntactic complexity is an important measure of second language (L2) writing proficiency. Large-grained indices such as the mean length of T-unit (MLTU) have been used with the most consistency in L2 writing studies. Recently, indices such as MLTU have been criticized, both for the difficulty in interpretation and for a potentially misplaced focus on clausal subordination. In this article, the authors attempt to address both of these criticisms by using traditional indices of syntactic complexity (e.g., MLTU), fine-grained indices of clausal complexity, and fine-grained indices of phrasal complexity to predict holistic scores of writing quality. In 4 studies, they used indices of each index type to predict holistic writing quality scores in independent essays on the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL). They then used all index types in a combined analysis to predict a holistic writing score. The results indicated that fine-grained indices of phrasal complexity were better predictors of writing quality than either traditional or fine-grained clausal indices, though a single fine-grained index of clausal complexity contributed to the combined model. These results provide some support for Biber et al.'s (2011) claims regarding complexity and academic L2 writing proficiency. (Verlag, adapt.).
Journal Article
Should We Use Characteristics of Conversation to Measure Grammatical Complexity in L2 Writing Development?
Studies of L2 writing development usually measure T‐units and clausal subordination to assess grammatical complexity, assuming that increased subordination is typical of advanced writing. In this article we challenge this practice by showing that these measures are much more characteristic of conversation than academic writing. The article begins with a critical evaluation of T‐units and clausal subordination as measures of writing development, arguing that they have not proven to be effective discriminators of language proficiency differences. These shortcomings lead to the question of whether these measures actually capture the complexities of professional academic writing, and if not, what alternative measures are better suited? Corpus‐based analyses are undertaken to answer these questions, investigating 28 grammatical features in research articles contrasted with conversation. The results are surprising, showing that most clausal subordination measures are actually more common in conversation than academic writing. In contrast, fundamentally different kinds of grammatical complexity are common in academic writing: complex noun phrase constituents (rather than clause constituents) and complex phrases (rather than clauses). Based on these findings, we hypothesize a sequence of developmental stages for student writing, proposing a radically new approach for the study of complexity in student writing development.
Journal Article
Writing task complexity, students’ motivational beliefs, anxiety and their writing production in English as a second language
This study explored the effects of increasing the number of elements and the degree of reasoning on second language (L2) writing and also examined the relationship between writing motivational beliefs and anxiety and L2 writing in simple versus complex tasks. Sixty upper-intermediate L2 learners were invited to write simple and complex argumentative essays and to complete a multidimensional writing motivational beliefs questionnaire and a writing anxiety questionnaire. Multiple measures were taken to detect the effects of increasing task complexity on learners’ L2 writing syntactic complexity and accuracy and the relationship between individual learner factors and each of the L2 writing measures in the simple and complex task. Results show that increasing task complexity result in increases in subordination use and simultaneous decreases in learners’ L2 writing accuracy. The role of motivation and anxiety is more evident in the complex task. These results are discussed with reference to the Cognition Hypothesis and the Trade-off Hypothesis, highlighting the necessity of employing multidimensional measures of motivation and anxiety.
Journal Article
Contraintes discursives sur l’émergence du sens procédural de la construction mirative : il n’est pas jusqu’à SN + relative négative
La construction [ il n’est pas/il n’y a pas jusqu’à SN+ relative négative] subit une spécialisation fonctionnelle dans le marquage du focus étroit, déterminée par la composante mirative associée à jusqu’à , réanalysé comme particule scalaire-additive. Nous poursuivons une modélisation du discours qui met au jour une hiérarchie des topiques à l’intérieur d’une unité discursive complexe pour montrer que la construction mirative marque la clôture du topique, ce qui reflète le rôle de clôture d’un ensemble que joue l’associé de jusqu’à . La présence en position de focus de la construction mirative d’un constituant relié par un rapport partie/tout à un ensemble contextuellement saillant explique la relation asymétrique, de subordination, qu’elle établit en tant qu’unité discursive par rapport à l’unité discursive contenant le tout.
Journal Article
A new inner approach for differential subordinations
In this paper we introduce and examine the differential subordination of the form
\\[ p(z)+zp'(z)\\varphi(p(z),zp'(z))\\prec h(z),\\quad z\\in\\mathbb{D}:=\\{z\\in\\mathbb{C}:|z|<1\\}, \\]
where $h$ is a convex univalent function with $0\\in h(\\mathbb {D}).$ The proof of the main result is based on the original lemma for convex univalent functions and offers a new approach in the theory. In particular, the above differential subordination leads to generalizations of the well-known Briot-Bouquet differential subordination. Appropriate applications among others related to the differential subordination of harmonic mean are demonstrated. Related problems concerning differential equations are indicated.
Journal Article
Social subordination is associated with better cognitive performance and higher theta coherence of the mPFC-vHPC circuit in male rats
Social dominance hierarchy is considered an influential factor on cognitive performance. The spatial working memory (SWM) is inversely related to dominance status after the formation of social hierarchy. However, their neural underpinings are poorly understood. The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and ventral hippocampus (vHPC) play pivotal roles in social hierarchy and SWM. To investigate the associations between social hierarchy and SWM and their neural circuit (mPFC-vHPC), we used twenty one natal male Wistar rats after weaning (3 rats per cage, 7 cages in total). In the 9th postnatal week, the tube test was started to determine the relative social rank in each cage (dominant, middle-ranked, subordinate). One month after living in the hierarchy, we implanted electrodes in mPFC and vHPC. One week following recovery, the SWM test was performed using T-maze with two difficulty levels (30s and 5min delays between trials) while recording the local field potentials. The percentage of correct responses showed no significant difference among three different social groups. However, subordinates demonstrated significantly lower latency in reaching the goal arm, while middle-ranked rats exhibited the longest latency in 30s delay. Electrophysiological data revealed significantly higher theta correlation and coherence of the mPFC-vHPC circuit in subordinates. Although theta rhythm synchronization was reduced in all social ranks by increasing task difficulty, the subordinates maintained better task performance and less reduction of theta coherence. These findings underscore the association between social hierarchy and working memory performance within the mPFC-vHPC circuit, highlighting the influence of social rank on implicated circuit.
Journal Article
The role of subordinating conjunctions in the interpretation of null and overt subject pronouns in native Peninsular Spanish
Subject pronoun interpretation in native Spanish has generally been approached under the Position of Antecedent Strategy, a parsing strategy which claims that null pronouns bias toward subject antecedents and overt pronouns toward object antecedents. While some studies align with the predicted patterns, others present mixed evidence. To further clarify this, our study tests the offline interpretation of null and overt subject pronouns in 55 native Peninsular Spanish speakers. We additionally tested the role played by different temporal subordinating conjunctions (mientras “while” vs. cuando “when”) in modulating subject pronoun interpretation preferences. Our findings reveal that overt pronouns bias toward object antecedents independently from the subordinating conjunction. Conversely, null pronouns bias toward subject antecedents, but their interpretation is influenced by the type of subordinating conjunction, with higher rates of subject interpretations in the mientras “while” condition. These results lend support to theoretical accounts such as the Form-Specific Multiple-Constraints approach, which asserts that referring expressions are subject to different constraints and to varying degrees. These findings thus extend beyond purely structural accounts and underscore the complexity of subject pronoun interpretation in Spanish.
Journal Article
Induction of territorial dominance and subordination behaviors in laboratory mice
Territorial behaviors comprise a set of coordinated actions and response patterns found across animal species that promote the exclusive access to resources. House mice are highly territorial with a subset of males consistently attacking and chasing competing males to expel them from their territories and performing urine marking behaviors to signal the extent of their territories. Natural variation in territorial behaviors within a mouse colony leads to the formation of dominance hierarchies in which subordinate males can reside within the territory of a dominant male. While the full repertoire of such territorial behaviors and hierarchies has been extensively studied in wild-derived mice in semi-natural enclosures, so far they have not been established in the smaller enclosures and with the genetically-defined laboratory strains required for the application of neural recording and manipulation methods. Here, we present a protocol to rapidly induce an extensive repertoire of territorial behaviors in pairs of laboratory mice in an enclosure compatible with tethered neurocircuit techniques, including a method for the simultaneous tracking of urine marking behavior in mouse pairs. Using this protocol we describe the emergence of robust dominant-subordinate hierarchies between pairs of CD1 outbred or CD1xB6 F1 hybrid mice, but unexpectedly not in C57BL/6 inbred animals. Our behavioral paradigm opens the door for neurocircuit studies of territorial behaviors and social hierarchy in the laboratory.
Journal Article