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"Subsidies Belarus."
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Belarus heat tariff reform and social impact mitigation
The government of the Republic of Belarus plans to increase district heating tariffs to cost recovery levels and gradually phase out subsidies, replacing them with social assistance programs. Residential district heating tariffs in Belarus are currently at roughly 10–21 percent of cost-recovery levels. District heating subsidies are highly regressive, add costs to business, and create significant fiscal risks and macroeconomic vulnerabilities. Belarus Heat Tariff Reform and Social Impact Mitigation analyzes the social, sectoral, and fiscal impacts of the proposed tariff reform and identifies and recommends measures to mitigate adverse impacts of district heating tariff increases on the households. The analysis shows that a negative social impact is manageable if a tariff increase is accompanied by countervailing measures to compensate for the loss of purchasing power—in particular that of the poor—through targeted social assistance and energy efficiency programs. The reform is more likely to be successful if communication campaigns to address consumer concerns are carried out before significant price increases, and consumer engagement and monitoring systems are established. When tariff reform and mitigation measures are properly sequenced and coordinated, the reform will become more socially acceptable, consumers will benefit from better quality of services, the government will achieve positive fiscal savings, and the district heating sector will become sustainable in the long term.
eBook
Fighting Unemployment the Soviet Way: Belarus' Law against Social Parasites
On April 2, 2015, Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko issued a decree \"On Preventing Social Dependency,\" taxing able-bodied citizens who were employed less than 183 days in an employment year the equivalent of $184. We provide a historical analysis of the origin and use of this law in the Soviet Union and examine the social and economic conditions that led to the resuscitation of the old law. We analyze the effectiveness of the tax in terms of the officially stated goals with regards to increases in the tax revenue and employment of the able-bodied working-age population. We also assess some of the unintended consequences that resulted from the imposition of the tax, for example the effect of the tax on the decision to have children.
Journal Article
Kiev
In a fascinating \"urban biography,\" Michael Hamm tells the story of one of Europe's most diverse cities and its distinctive mix of Ukrainian, Polish, Russian, and Jewish inhabitants. A splendid urban center in medieval times, Kiev became a major metropolis in late Imperial Russia, and is now the capital of independent Ukraine. After a concise account of Kiev's early history, Hamm focuses on the city's dramatic growth in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The first historian to analyze how each of Kiev's ethnic groups contributed to the vitality of the city's culture, he also examines the violent conflicts that developed among them. In vivid detail, he shows why Kiev came to be known for its \"abundance of revolutionaries\" and its anti-Semitic violence.
eBook
Estimating the Size of the Potential Market for the Kyoto Flexibility Mechanisms
The Kyoto Protocol incorporates three flexibility mechanisms to help Annex I countries to meet their Kyoto targets at a lower overall cost. This paper aims to estimate the size of the potential market for all three mechanisms over the first commitment period. Based on the national communications from 35 Annex I countries, it first estimates the potential demand in the greenhouse gas offset market. Then, it assesses the implications of the EU proposai for ceilings on the use of flexibility mechanisms. Finally, using the model based on the marginal abatement costs of 12 regions, the paper estimates the contributions of flexibility mechanisms to meet the total emissions reductions required of Annex I countries under the four trading scenarios. /// Das Kyoto-Protokoll enthält drei Flexibilitätsmechanismen, die es den im Anhang I genannten Ländern erlauben sollen, die Kyoto-Ziele zu niedrigeren Gesamtkosten zu realisieren. Der Artikel will den Umfang des potentiellen Marktes für alle drei Mechanismen über die erste Verpflichtungsperiode schätzen. Gestützt auf die nationalen Verlautbarungen von 35 Ländern schätzt der Autor als Erstes die potentielle Nachfrage auf dem Markt für Maßnahmen, mit denen die Diskrepanz zwischen wahrscheinlicher und angestrebter Treibhausgasmenge aufgefangen werden soll. Dann wird ermittelt, welche Implikationen sich aus dem EU-Vorschlag über eine Obergrenze beimEinsatz von Flexibilitätsmaßnahmen ergeben. Schließlich wird im Rahmen von vier Handelsszenarien abgeschätzt, welchen Beitrag die Flexibilitätsmaßnahmen liefern, wenn es darum geht, dass Anhang-I-Länder die gesamten Emissionen reduzieren. Dabei wird ein Modell benutzt, dem die Grenzkosten der Emissionsvermeidung in 12 Regionen zugrunde liegen.
Journal Article
World News: Belarus Leader Rejects Outcry After Election --- Lukashenko Shuns Criticism of Vote, Crackdown on Protests, Saying Country Needs 'No More Hare-Brained Democracy'
President Alexander Lukashenko declared Monday that his former Soviet republic needed \"no more hare-brained democracy\" after rivals at home and governments in the West accused him of using fraud and violence to secure re-election. The ruler's comment, coupled with Sunday's disputed election, signaled the end of his tentative diplomatic outreach to the U.S. and European Union, leaving Belarus fewer options to ease its longstanding economic dependence on Russia.
Newspaper Article
World News: A Longtime Ruler Navigates Change
Rising gasoline prices this year ignited a rare protest in which dozens of motorists tied up a filling station for hours by buying half a gallon at a time and then lining up again at the pump. In return, Russia will stop charging Belarus customs duties for Russian crude oil, but start collecting export duties on Russian oil Belarus refines and sells.
Newspaper Article
