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Mining and mineral-processing wastes are one of the world's largest chronic waste concerns. Their reuse should be included in future sustainable development plans, but the potential impacts on a number of environmental processes are highly variable and must be thoroughly assessed. The chemical composition and geotechnical properties of the source rock determine which uses are most appropriate and whether reuse is economically feasible. If properly evaluated, mining waste can be reused to reextract minerals, provide additional fuel for power plants, supply construction materials, and repair surface and subsurface land structures altered by mining activities themselves.

Groundwater inflow to an underground mine will seriously affect its mining plan and engineering geology safety. Groundwater models are powerful tools commonly used in the mines to develop dewatering strategies. Many mines in the Kolwezi area have been present since the 1950s, and groundwater flow patterns have been significantly influenced by mining activities. A mining plan is developed for an underground mine with overturned syncline strata in Kolwezi, Congo. Previous groundwater models using layered homogeneous media lowered model accuracies. A new three-dimensional groundwater model using FEFLOW, consisting of a combined regionally and locally geology models integrating 16 hydrogeological cross-sections and borehole logging data, are formulated to predict the underground dewatering in the study area. A 31-days pumping tests with 3 pumping wells and 28 observation wells are carried out to estimate the hydrogeological properties. The simulated water level data match the observed data rather well. Under 8 scenarios of possible well designs, the model predicts a possible dewatering capacity greater 23,900 m.sup.3 /d at the initial stage of mining. The concept of the model and its application can be a reference for other mines with complex geology for mining safety in the region of interest.

Mining-induced surface deformation disrupts ecological balance and impedes economic progress. This study employs SBAS-InSAR with 107-view of ascending and descending SAR data from Sentinel-1, spanning February 2017 to September 2020, to monitor surface deformation in the Fa’er Coal Mine, Guizhou Province. Analysis on the surface deformation time series reveals the relationship between underground mining and surface shifts. Considering geological conditions, mining activities, duration, and ranges, the study determines surface movement parameters for the coal mine. It asserts that mining depth significantly influences surface movement parameters in mountainous mining areas. Increasing mining depth elevates the strike movement angle on the deeper side of the burial depth by 22.84°, while decreasing by 7.74° on the shallower side. Uphill movement angles decrease by 4.06°, while downhill movement angles increase by 15.71°. This emphasizes the technology’s suitability for local mining design, which lays the groundwork for resource development, disaster prevention, and ecological protection in analogous contexts.

A microbial census on deep biosphere (1.34 km depth) microbial communities was performed in two soil samples collected from the Ross and number 6 Winze sites of the former Homestake gold mine, Lead, South Dakota using high-density 16S microarrays (PhyloChip). Soil mineralogical characterization was carried out using X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron, and Mössbauer spectroscopic techniques which demonstrated silicates and iron minerals (phyllosilicates and clays) in both samples. Microarray data revealed extensive bacterial diversity in soils and detected the largest number of taxa in Proteobacteria phylum followed by Firmicutes and Actinobacteria. The archael communities in the deep gold mine environments were less diverse and belonged to phyla Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota. Both the samples showed remarkable similarities in microbial communities (1,360 common OTUs) despite distinct geochemical characteristics. Fifty-seven phylotypes could not be classified even at phylum level representing a hitherto unidentified diversity in deep biosphere. PhyloChip data also suggested considerable metabolic diversity by capturing several physiological groups such as sulfur-oxidizer, ammonia-oxidizers, iron-oxidizers, methane-oxidizers, and sulfate-reducers in both samples. High-density microarrays revealed the greatest prokaryotic diversity ever reported from deep subsurface habitat of gold mines.

On the evening of Wednesday, June 28, 1870, a tunnel collapsed at the Yellow Jacket mine in Gold Hill, Nevada, killing Manuel Alameda, Patrick Doherty, John Kennedy, and Ralph Hanson. The four miners had been at work more than 800 feet underground when the roof caved and tons of debris buried them. According to theAlpine Chronicle, “All four were new hands in the mine and are believed to have been single men.” The next morning, reporter Alfred Doten ran down to the scene of the accident. He recorded the grisly details of the recovery effort in his journal: “They

California is the Golden State, and has been linked with gold ever since the rush started in 1848. Gold colors our understanding of California and its history; there are elaborate myths of the gold rush emphasizing rugged individualism, democracy, manifest destiny, and cycles of boom and bust. This is the history of the California Dream, a history that excels at stories of innovation, change, dynamism, and reinvention. As a metaphor for California, gold conveys the image of prosperity, youth, and vigor. Being golden also implies opportunity and success, and California has provided opportunity for millions, as well as exploitable resources

“PIKES PEAK GOLD—A NEW CALIFORNIA .” This headline greeted readers of The Leavenworth [Kansas] Times on September 11, 1858. In Kansas and elsewhere, the news of a new gold discovery raced like the wind across the land. Dreams of gold excited many people beyond reason and drove them to go get it, to leave everything behind and head for the mountains. Gold, people thought, would make them rich with little work. Unfortunately, most of the men and women who rushed to Colorado to find their pot of gold did not get rich. What they found instead was hard work

In 1877, Edward Schieffelin drifted into the San Pedro Valley after years of prospecting in the Great Basin and the Pacific Northwest. Because Chiricahua Apaches still inhabited the area, soldiers at Camp Huachuca told Schieffelin that the only thing he would find was his tombstone. “The word lingered in my mind,” Schieffelin later recalled, “and when I got into the country where Tombstone is now located, I gave the name to the first location that I made.” It turned out to be the biggest silver strike in Arizona history, producing nearly $30 million between 1879 and 1886. But at first