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One of the most effective systems for managing water is subsurface trickle irrigation. Finding empirical formulas and studying the effect of soil texture are the main purposes of this paper. In order to reach an ideal irrigation system as a modern technique to save water, especially in arid regions, soil textures of loam, silt, and silt loam were studied on a subsurface trickle irrigation system by utilizing HYDRUS/2D. The trickle system is usually operated at low pressure, in this paper the used pressure is 30 cm with an emitter buried at 10, 15, and 20 cm at different diameters. Patterns of wetting fronts in both directions at various times depending on soil texture are gathered to find out empirical formulas that are a function of operative time, emitter diameter, depth of buried, and finally, saturated hydraulic conductivity. The statistical parameters make it evident that the formulas provide reasonable prediction accuracy in both dimensions wetted width & depth. The percentage of mean relative error is less than 3%, and the coefficient of determination of both dimensions is more than 0.990. Moreover, the simulation results of this paper are compared with field experiments and based on relative error to find a precise distribution of water around a trickle.

Water scarcity and imbalances in irrigation and drainage are the main factors leading to soil salinization in arid areas. There is a recognized need for effective drainage measures to prevent and improve saline−alkali land. The principal objective of this project was to investigate the effects of drainage measures on soil desalination and farmland drainage in the process of improving saline–alkali soils; these measures included subsurface pipe drainage (SPD) and open ditch drainage (ODD). The results of the tests, conducted over two years, revealed that the soil desalination rate in the SPD test area was between 25.8% and 35.2%, the cotton emergence rate was 36.7%, and a 3.8 t hm−2 seed cotton yield could be obtained. The soil electrolytic conductivity (EC) decreased step by step over time, and the average annual decrease reached 10 dS m−1. The degree of soil salinization was reduced from a moderately saline soil level (8−15 dS m−1) to a weakly saline soil level (4–8 dS m−1). Thus, the phased goal of improving saline–alkali land was achieved. The soil desalination rate in the ODD test area was only 1/10 of the SPD area; high soil EC (9−12 dS m−1) and groundwater level (2–3 m) were the most limiting factors affecting cotton growth in the ODD test area. The current results show that the critical depth of groundwater level affecting farmland secondary salinization is 4 m. In order to improve the salt discharge standard, SPD technology should be used on the basis of ODD. For salt that has accumulated in the soil for a long time, the technical mode of drip irrigation and leaching, followed by SPD drainage, in combination with the current irrigation system can achieve the goal of sustainable agriculture development.

The salinization of cultivated soil in arid zones is a core obstacle restricting the sustainable development of agriculture, particularly in regions like Xinjiang, China, where extreme aridity and intensive irrigation practices exacerbate salt accumulation through evaporation–crystallization cycles. Conventional drip irrigation, while temporarily mitigating surface salinity, often leads to secondary salinization due to elevated water tables and inefficient leaching. Recent studies highlight the potential of integrating drip irrigation with subsurface drainage systems to address these challenges, yet the synergistic mechanisms governing ion transport dynamics, hydrochemical thresholds, and their interaction with crop physiology remain poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed the effects of spring irrigation during the non-fertile period, soil hydrochemistry variations, and salt ion dynamics across three arid agroecosystems in Xinjiang. By coupling drip irrigation with optimized subsurface drainage configurations (burial depths: 1.4–1.6 m; lateral spacing: 20–40 m), we reveal a layer-domain differentiation in salt migration, Cl− and Na+ were leached to 40–60 cm depths, while SO42− formed a “stagnant salt layer” at 20–40 cm due to soil colloid adsorption. Post-irrigation hydrochemical shifts included a 40% decline in conductivity, emphasizing the risk of adsorbed ion retention. Subsurface drainage systems suppressed capillary-driven salinity resurgence, maintaining salinity at 8–12 g·kg−1 in root zones during critical growth stages. This study establishes a “surface suppression–middle blocking–deep leaching” three-dimensional salinity control model, providing actionable insights for mitigating secondary salinization in arid agroecosystems.

In this study, the influence of the relevant parameters of a subsurface pipe layout on soil water and salt transport in a cotton field under mulched drip irrigation is explored. Based on the measured data of the changes in the groundwater level and salt in the field, the DRAINMOD numerical model has been used for simulating the water and salt dynamics of a salinized cotton field under subsurface pipe drainage. The results of the investigation show that the DRAINMOD model can accurately simulate the changes in the hydrological conditions and the salt-leaching process in the study area. The average deviation between the simulated and measured values of the groundwater depth in 2013 and 2014 was −1.72 cm and 2.43 cm, the average absolute deviation was 3.84 cm and 2.43 cm, the root mean square error was 5.14 cm and 3.63 cm, and the correlation coefficient was 0.87 and 0.94, respectively. The average deviation between the simulated and measured values of soil salinity in 2013 and 2014 was −0.68 g/kg and −1.86 g/kg, the average absolute deviation was 1.60 g/kg and 1.99 g/kg, the root mean square error was 1.95 g/kg and 2.99 g/kg, and the correlation coefficient was 0.82 and 0.86, respectively, which are all within the acceptable error range. After validation, the model was used to simulate and analyze the desalination process of a cotton field in the study area for 27 different subsurface pipe layout modes. The projection pursuit classification model has been combined with the accelerated genetic algorithm based on real-number coding. The comprehensive benefits of the subsurface pipe layout were evaluated using the construction cost, average desalination rate, and relative yield of cotton as the evaluation indices. The results show that C11 (buried depth 2.1 m, spacing 30 m) is the optimal layout of the subsurface pipe. The results of this study can provide theoretical support and scientific guidance for the popularization and application of subsurface pipe salt discharge technology and drip irrigation under film in the arid inland areas of northwest China.

The increasing of temperature with reduction of rainfall in dry season led to reduce water areas which cause reduce the cultivation areas in Iraq and other countries. Effecting of drought causing negative action on crop productivity. The irrigation water shortage will impact on crops by stress of water as well water decreasing will increase salt concentration that will increase the salt stress cause influence on yield of crops. This research will study of stress by decreasing of water (deficit irrigation) on production of okra crops with both use subsurface water retention techniques (SWRT) and without use SWRT, then estimation differences after that calculate affection of salt on crop. The research was done in Babylon governorate in Al-Hindiya Barrage. The treatments A1 used drip irrigation system with SWRT technique and used deficit irrigation in some times, while A2 used trickle irrigation without SWRT and use deficit irrigation in some times. The results of treatment A1 showed the amount of applying water reduced to 7% than A2. Whereas the number of irrigations of A1 equal to A2. The yield of crop of A1 was more than of A2 by 15 %. The actual yield of A1 was impacted by water stress and salt were 0.01 kg/m2 and 0.011 kg/m2 respectively. The actual yield of A2 which impacted by water stress and salt were 0.079 kg/m2 and 0.085 kg/m2, respectively. The yield in A1 with SWRT and without stress and the yield of A2 without SWRT and without stress showed percent of increasing of 2.3%. The SWRT technique helps to stress resistance and drought resistance by using okra of loam soil.

The increased use of trickle or drip irrigation is seen as one way of helping to improve the sustainability of irrigation systems around the world. However, soil water and solute transport properties and soil profile characteristics are often not adequately incorporated in the design and management of trickle systems. In this paper, we describe results of a simulation study designed to highlight the impacts of soil properties on water and solute transport from buried trickle emitters. The analysis addresses the influence of soil hydraulic properties, soil layering, trickle discharge rate, irrigation frequency, and timing of nutrient application on wetting patterns and solute distribution. We show that (1) trickle irrigation can improve plant water availability in medium and low permeability fine-textured soils, providing that design and management are adapted to account for their soil hydraulic properties, (2) in highly permeable coarse-textured soils, water and nutrients move quickly downwards from the emitter, making it difficult to wet the near surface zone if emitters are buried too deep, and (3) changing the fertigation strategy for highly permeable coarse-textured soils to apply nutrients at the beginning of an irrigation cycle can maintain larger amounts of nutrient near to and above the emitter, thereby making them less susceptible to leaching losses. The results demonstrate the need to account for differences in soil hydraulic properties and solute transport when designing irrigation and fertigation management strategies. Failure to do this will result in inefficient systems and lost opportunities for reducing the negative environmental impacts of irrigation.

Abstract Tomato rooting patterns were evaluated in a 2-year field trial where surface drip irrigation (R0) was compared with subsurface drip irrigation at 20 cm (RI) and 40 cm (RII) depths. Pot-transplanted plants of two processing tomato, `Brigade' (C1) and `H3044' (C2), were used. The behaviour of the root system in response to different irrigation treatments was evaluated through minirhizotrons installed between two plants, in proximity of the plant row. Root length intensity (L a), length of root per unit of minirhizotron surface area (cm cm–2) was measured at blooming stage and at harvest. For all sampling dates the depth of the drip irrigation tube, the cultivar and the interaction between treatments did not significantly influence L a. However differences between irrigation treatments were observed as root distribution along the soil profile and a large concentration of roots at the depth of the irrigation tubes was found. For both surface and subsurface drip irrigation and for both cultivars most of the root system was concentrated in the top 40 cm of the soil profile, where root length density ranged between 0.5 and 1.5 cm cm–3. Commercial yields (t ha–1) were 87.6 and 114.2 (R0), 107.5 and 128.1 (RI), 105.0 and 124.8 (RII), for 1997 and 1998, respectively. Differences between the 2 years may be attributed to different climatic conditions. In the second year, although no significant differences were found among treatments, slightly higher values were observed with irrigation tubes at 20 cm depth. Fruit quality was not significantly affected by treatments or by the interaction between irrigation tube depth and cultivar.

This new volume in the Research Advances in Sustainable Micro Irrigation book series presents a diverse collection of research on closed circuit irrigational technology and design and provides studies of its use on such crops as wheat, maize, yellow corn, soybeans, rice, and snap peas. This book will be valuable for those interested in irrigation planning and management, namely, researchers, scientists, educators, upper-level students, agricultural extension services, and others.

Most trickle irrigation in the world is surface drip yet subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) can substantially improve irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) by minimizing evaporative loss and maximizing capture of in-season rainfall by the soil profile. However, SDI emitters are placed at depths, and in many soil types sustained wetting fronts are created that lead to hypoxia of the rhizosphere, which is detrimental to effective plant functioning. Oxygation (aerated irrigation water) can ameliorate hypoxia of SDI crops and realize the full benefit of SDI systems. Oxygation effects on yield, WUE and rooting patterns of soybean, chickpeas, and pumpkin in glasshouse and field trials with SDI at different emitter depths (5, 15, 25, and 35 cm) were evaluated. The effect of oxygation was prominent with increasing emitter depths due to the alleviation of hypoxia. The effect of oxygation on yield in the shallow-rooted crop vegetable soybean was greatest (+43%), and moderate on medium (chickpea +11%) and deep-rooted crops (pumpkin +15%). Oxygation invariably increased season-long WUE (WUEsl) for fruit and biomass yield and instantaneous leaf transpiration rate. In general, the beneficial effects of oxygation at greater SDI depth on a heavy clay soil were mediated through greater root activity, as observed by general increase in root weight, root length density, and soil respiration in the trialed species. Our data show increased moisture content at depth with a lower soil oxygen concentration causing hypoxia. Oxygation offsets to a degree the negative effect of deep emitter placement on yield and WUE of SDI crops.

In this study, an assessment for a proposed irrigation system in the El-Salam Canal cultivated land, Egypt, was conducted. A numerical model (HYDRUS-2D/3D) was applied to investigate the effect of irrigation amount, frequency, and emitter depth on the wetted soil volume, soil salinity levels, and deep percolation under subsurface trickle irrigation (SDI) of tomato growing with brackish irrigation water in three different soil types. The simulations indicated that lower irrigation frequency increased the wetted soil volume without significant increase in water percolates below the plant roots. Deep percolation decreased as the amount of irrigation water and emitter depth decreased. With the same amount of irrigation water, the volume of leached soil was larger at lower irrigation frequency. The salinity of irrigation water under SDI with shallow emitter depth did not show any significant effect on increasing the soil salinity above tomato crop salt tolerance. Based on the results, it appears that the use of SDI with brackish irrigation water is an effective method for growing tomato crop in El-Salam Canal cultivated land especially with shallow emitter depth.