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\"It's a mad dash for shelter as rain sweeps into an urban neighborhood. Where to go? The subway! It's the perfect place to wait out the wind and weather. Strangers share smiles and umbrellas and take delight in the experience of a city thunderstorm.\"--Dust jacket.
Book
Research on the construction safety risk assessment of prefabricated subway stations in China
PurposePrefabricated technology is gradually being applied to the construction of subway stations due to its characteristic of mechanization. However, the prefabricated subway station in China is in the initial stage of development, which is prone to construction safety issues. This study aims to evaluate the construction safety risks of prefabricated subway stations in China and formulate corresponding countermeasures to ensure construction safety.Design/methodology/approachA construction safety risk evaluation index system for the prefabricated subway station was established through literature research and the Delphi method. Furthermore, based on the structure entropy weight method, matter-element theory and evidence theory, a hybrid evaluation model is developed to evaluate the construction safety risks of prefabricated subway stations. The basic probability assignment (BPA) function is obtained using the matter-element theory, the index weight is calculated using the structure entropy weight method to modify the BPA function and the risk evaluation level is determined using the evidence theory. Finally, the reliability and applicability of the evaluation model are verified with a case study of a prefabricated subway station project in China.FindingsThe results indicate that the level of construction safety risks in the prefabricated subway station project is relatively low. Man risk, machine risk and method risk are the key factors affecting the overall risk of the project. The evaluation results of the first-level indexes are discussed, and targeted countermeasures are proposed. Therefore, management personnel can deeply understand the construction safety risks of prefabricated subway stations.Originality/valueThis research fills the research gap in the field of construction safety risk assessment of prefabricated subway stations. The methods for construction safety risk assessment are summarized to establish a reliable hybrid evaluation model, laying the foundation for future research. Moreover, the construction safety risk evaluation index system for prefabricated subway stations is proposed, which can be adopted to guide construction safety management.
Journal Article
Hidden London : discovering the forgotten underground
An exploration of the abandoned tributaries of London's vast and vital transportation network through breathtaking images and unexpected stories. 'Hidden London' is a lavishly illustrated history of disused and repurposed London Underground spaces. It provides the first narrative of a previously secret and barely understood aspect of London's history. Behind locked doors and lost entrances lies a secret world of abandoned stations, redundant passageways, empty elevator shafts, and cavernous ventilation ducts. The Tube is an ever-expanding network that has left in its wake hidden places and spaces. \"Hidden London\" opens up the lost worlds of London's Underground and offers a fascinating analysis of why Underground spaces--including the deep-level shelter at Clapham South, the closed Aldwych station, the lost tunnels of Euston--have fallen into disuse and how they have been repurposed. With access to previously unseen archives, architectural drawings, and images, the authors create an authoritative account of London's hidden Underground story. This surprising and at times myth-breaking narrative interweaves spectacular, newly commissioned photography of disused stations and Underground structures today.
Book
Numerical Simulation of Flood Intrusion Process under Malfunction of Flood Retaining Facilities in Complex Subway Stations
In recent years, heavy rain and waterlogging accidents in subway stations have occurred many times around the world. With the comprehensive development trend of underground space, the accidents caused by flood flow intruding complex subway stations and other underground complexes in extreme precipitation disasters will be lead to more serious casualties and property damage. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct numerical simulation of flood intrusion process under malfunction of flood retaining facilities in complex subway stations. In order to prevent floods from intruding subway stations and explore coping strategies, in this study, the simulation method was used to study the entire process of flood intrusion into complex subway stations when the flood retaining facilities fail in extreme rain and flood disasters that occur once-in-a-century. The three-dimensional numerical simulation model was constructed by taking a subway interchange station with a property development floor in Nanning as a prototype. Based on the Volume of Fluid (VOF) model method, the inundated area in the subway station during the process of flood intrusion from the beginning to the basic stability was simulated, and it was found that the property development floor has serious large-scale water accumulation under extreme rainfall conditions. Through the dynamic monitoring of the flood water level depth at important positions such as the entrances of the evacuation passages, and the analysis of the influence of the design structure and location distribution of different passages on the personnel evacuation plan, it was found that the deep water accumulation at the entrances of the narrow, long, and multi-run emergency safety passages are not conducive to the evacuation of personnel. Finally, the flow of flood water into the subway tunnel through the subway station was calculated. The research results provide certain reference and guidance for the safety design of subway stations under extreme rainfall climatic conditions.
Journal Article
Interval type-2 fuzzy TOPSIS approach with utility theory for subway station operational risk evaluation
As a distributing center for passengers, the subway station directly affects the entire subway system’s safe operation. Accurate operational subway station risk evaluation has an important significance in risk avoidance and accident emergency response. By analyzing the application of interval type-2 fuzzy TOPSIS (IT2-FTOPSIS) method in risk evaluation, the existing research lacks consideration of the utility function and cannot reflect the actual operational risk of the subway station. To overcome these shortcomings, we develop an IT2-FTOPSIS approach with a utility function and utilize it to evaluate the subway station’s operational risk. Finally, the example of Beijing Subway is selected to illustrate the developed risk evaluation approach’s performance. The results show that the same event has different effects on subway station safe operation at different times or spaces. Namely, the same event may have different risk utility values in different situations. Thus, the developed IT2-FTOPSIS model with a utility function can improve the risk evaluation’s accuracy and reflect the subway station’s operational risk state more reasonable than the previous method.
Journal Article
Comparison of Thermal Comfort in Different Subway Spaces in China’s Hot Summer and Cold Winter Region: A Field Investigation Based on Subway Station Transition
With the accelerated development of subways in China, elevated subway stations (ESSs) capitalize on natural ventilation and lighting to significantly save energy. Nevertheless, their thermal environments are rarely addressed. This study conducts annual thermal environment measurements, surveys, and thermal comfort analysis on five typical ESS buildings. The results of field measurements demonstrate that the station’s thermal environment is influenced by architectural space forms such as skylight ratio, platform doors, openness, and platform form. The standard effective temperature—predicted thermal sensation (SET*—PTS) equation was developed based on the survey, indicating that passengers’ thermal adaptability surpasses the PTS. In summer, the neutral temperatures for passengers in open and enclosed stations are 28.74 SET* °C and 27.13 SET* °C, correspondingly. In winter, they are 23.43 SET* °C and 21.98 SET* °C. Physiological changes that passengers experience during the transition from entering the metro station to arriving at the platform were measured and quantified, which confirmed differences in thermal adaptation during the shift between hot and cold environments, emphasizing thermal delay and accumulation effects. This study provides important guidance for the construction, renovation, and operation of ESS buildings and the development of related standards.
Journal Article
Risk assessment of subway station fire by using a Bayesian network-based scenario evolution model
Subway station fires frequently result in massive casualties, economic losses and even social panic due to the massive passenger flow, semiconfined space and limited conditions for escape and smoke emissions. The combination of different states of fire hazard factors increases the uncertainty and complexity of the evolution path of subway station fires and causes difficulty in assessing fire risk. Traditional methods cannot describe the development process of subway station fires, and thus, cannot assess fire risk under different fire scenarios. To realise scenario-based fire risk assessment, the elements that correspond to each scenario state during fire development in subway stations are identified in this study to explore the intrinsic driving force of fire evolution. Accordingly, a fire scenario evolution model of subway stations is constructed. Then, a Bayesian network is adopted to construct a scenario evolution probability calculation model for calculating the occurrence probability of each scenario state during subway station fire development and identifying critical scenario elements that promote fire evolution. Xi’an subway station system is used as a case to illustrate the application of Bayesian network-based scenario evolution model, providing a practical management tool for fire safety managers. The method adopted in this study enables managers to predict fire risk in each scenario and understand the evolution path of subway station fire, supporting the establishment of fire response strategies based on “scenario–response” planning.
Journal Article
Research on Safety Vulnerability Assessment of Subway Station Construction Based on Evolutionary Resilience Perspective
With the continuous increase in urban population, the subway is the main way to alleviate traffic congestion. However, the construction environment of subway stations is complex, and the safety risks are extremely high. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to scientifically and systematically evaluate the safety vulnerability of subway station construction. This paper takes the Chengdu subway project as an example, and establishes a metro station construction safety vulnerability evaluation index system based on the driving forces–pressures–state–impacts–responses (DPSIR) theory with 5 first-level indexes and 23 second-level indexes, and adopts the fuzzy hierarchical analysis method (FAHP) to calculate the subjective weights, and the improved Harris Hawks optimization–projection pursuit method (HHO-PPM) to determine the objective weights, combined with game theory to calculate the comprehensive weights of the indicators, and finally uses the improved cloud model of Bayesian feedback to determine the vulnerability level of subway station construction safety. The study found that the combined empowerment–improvement cloud model assessment method is reliable, and the case study verifies that the vulnerability level of the project is “very low risk”, and the investigations of safety hazards and the pressure of surrounding traffic are the key influencing factors, allowing for the proposal of more scientific and effective management strategies for the construction of subway stations.
Journal Article
Forecasting Short-Term Passenger Flow of Subway Stations Based on the Temporal Pattern Attention Mechanism and the Long Short-Term Memory Network
Rational use of urban underground space (UUS) and public transportation transfer underground can solve urban traffic problems. Accurate short-term prediction of passenger flow can ensure the efficient, safe, and comfortable operation of subway stations. However, complex and nonlinear interdependencies between time steps and time series complicate such predictions. This study considered temporal patterns across multiple time steps and selected relevant information on short-term passenger flow for prediction. A hybrid model based on the temporal pattern attention (TPA) mechanism and the long short-term memory (LSTM) network was developed (i.e., TPA-LSTM) for predicting the future number of passengers in subway stations. The TPA mechanism focuses on the hidden layer output values of different time steps in history and of the current time as well as correlates these output values to improve the accuracy of the model. The card swiping data from the Hangzhou Metro automatic fare collection system in China were used for verification and analysis. This model was compared with a convolutional neural network (CNN), LSTM, and CNN-LSTM. The results showed that the TPA-LSTM outperformed the other models with good applicability and accuracy. This study provides a theoretical basis for the pre-allocation of subway resources to avoid subway station crowding and stampede accidents.
Journal Article
Analysis of Pedestrian Behaviors in Subway Station Using Agent-Based Model: Case of Gangnam Station, Seoul, Korea
Numerous pedestrians interact with the subway station space by finding entrances into this closed area to use the subway system; further, they may use transfer transportation facilities or the complex functions nearby, such as commercial. Many studies examine pedestrian behaviors in subway stations, but most focus on special situations such as disasters and evacuation. Because it is important to analyze gait patterns in everyday situations, this study aims to verify the explanatory power of actual gait behavior by using space syntax theory in constructing an optimal agent-based model. To this end, first, pedestrian characteristics and space types are classified using pedestrian data from Gangnam Station. Second, the depthmapX program is used to develop an appropriate agent-based model for stations. Third, a simulation is run to calculate the frequency of the agent movement at each gate, which is matched with the observed pedestrian volume. Fourth, the relationship between the frequency of the agent movement and pedestrian volume is analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. The results show that although agent-based models have limitations in explaining pedestrian patterns in the entire subway station, they are capable of explaining these patterns along the shortest paths between ticket gates and station entrances.
Journal Article