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"Sucrose"
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Sucrose-Based Macrocycles: An Update
Sucrose is by far the most abundant disaccharide found in nature, consisting of two simple hexose units: d-glucose and d-fructose. This exceptionally inexpensive and widely accessible raw material is produced in virtually limitless quantities. The vast majority is consumed in the food industry either in its native form—as commercial table sugar—or, to a lesser extent, as the basis for artificial sweeteners such as palatinose and sucralose. Beyond its dietary use, sucrose serves as a feedstock for the production of bioethanol, liquid crystals, biodegradable surfactants, and polymers. However, the application of this valuable and extremely cheap raw material (100% optical purity and eight stereogenic centers with precisely defined stereochemistry) in the synthesis of more sophisticated products remains surprisingly limited. In this short review, we focus on the strategic use of the sucrose scaffold in the design and synthesis of fine chemicals. Special attention will be paid to macrocyclic derivatives incorporating the sucrose backbone. These water-soluble structures show promise as molecular receptors within biological environments, offering unique advantages in terms of solubility, biocompatibility, and stereochemical precision.
Journal Article
CdWRKY2‐mediated sucrose biosynthesis and CBF‐signalling pathways coordinately contribute to cold tolerance in bermudagrass
Summary Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) is one of the most widely cultivated warm‐season turfgrass species around the world. Cold stress has been a key environmental factor that adversely affects the growth, development, and geographical distribution of bermudagrass; however, the underlying mechanism of bermudagrass responsive to cold stress remains largely unexplored. Here, we identified a cold‐induced WRKY transcription factor CdWRKY2 from bermudagrass and demonstrated its function in cold stress response. Overexpression of CdWRKY2 enhanced cold tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis and bermudagrass hairy roots, while knocking down CdWRKY2 expression via virus‐induced gene silencing increased cold susceptibility. RNA sequencing showed that overexpression of CdWRKY2 in Arabidopsis activated the expression of genes involved in sucrose synthesis and metabolism, including sucrose synthase 1 (AtSUS1) and sucrose phosphate synthase 2F (AtSPS2F). CdSPS1, the homology gene of AtSPS2F in bermudagrass, was subsequently proven to be the direct target of CdWRKY2 by yeast one‐hybrid, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and transient expression analysis. As expected, overexpression of CdSPS1 conferred cold tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis plants, whereas silencing CdSPS1 expression enhanced cold sensitivity in bermudagrass. Besides, CdCBF1 whose expression was dramatically up‐regulated in CdWRKY2‐overexpressing bermudagrass hairy roots but down‐regulated in CdWRKY2‐silencing bermudagrass both under normal and cold stress conditions was confirmed as another target of CdWRKY2. Collectively, this study reveals that CdWRKY2 is a positive regulator in cold stress by targeting CdSPS1 and CdCBF1 promoters and activating their expression to coordinately mediate sucrose biosynthesis and CBF‐signalling pathway, which provides valuable information for breeding cold‐resistant bermudagrass through gene manipulation.
Journal Article
Overexpression of ZmSUS1 increased drought resistance of maize (Zea mays L.) by regulating sucrose metabolism and soluble sugar content
Main conclusionZmSUS1 improved drought tolerance of maize by regulating sucrose metabolism and increasing soluble sugar content, and endowing transgenic maize with higher relative water content and photosynthesis levels.Sucrose synthase (SUS), a key enzyme of sugar metabolism, plays an important role in the regulation of carbon partitioning in plant, and affects important agronomic traits and abiotic responses to adversity. However, the function of ZmSUS1 in plant drought tolerance is still unknown. In this study, the expression patterns of ZmSUS1 in different tissues and under drought stress were analyzed in maize (Zea mays L.). It was found that ZmSUS1 was highly expressed during kernel development but also in leaves and roots of maize, and ZmSUS1 was induced by drought stress. Homozygous transgenic maize lines overexpressing ZmSUS1 increased the content and activity of SUS under drought stress and exhibited higher relative water content, proline and abscisic acid content in leaves. Specifically, the net photosynthetic rate and the soluble sugar contents including sucrose, glucose, fructose and SUS decomposition products including UDP-glucose (UDP-G) and ADP-glucose (ADP-G) in transgenic plants were significantly improved after drought stress. RNA-seq analysis showed that overexpressing of ZmSUS1 mainly affected the expression level of carbon metabolism-related genes. Especially the expression level of sucrose metabolism-related genes including sucrose phosphatase gene (SPP), sucrose phosphate synthase gene (SPS) and invertase gene (INV) were significantly up-regulated in transgenic maize. Overall, these results suggested that ZmSUS1 improved drought tolerance by regulating sucrose metabolism and increasing the soluble sugar content, and endowing transgenic maize with higher relative water content and photosynthesis levels, which can serve as a new gene candidate for cultivating drought-resistant maize varieties.
Journal Article
Sucrose Utilization for Improved Crop Yields: A Review Article
Photosynthetic carbon converted to sucrose is vital for plant growth. Sucrose acts as a signaling molecule and a primary energy source that coordinates the source and sink development. Alteration in source–sink balance halts the physiological and developmental processes of plants, since plant growth is mostly triggered when the primary assimilates in the source leaf balance with the metabolic needs of the heterotrophic sinks. To measure up with the sink organ’s metabolic needs, the improvement of photosynthetic carbon to synthesis sucrose, its remobilization, and utilization at the sink level becomes imperative. However, environmental cues that influence sucrose balance within these plant organs, limiting positive yield prospects, have also been a rising issue over the past few decades. Thus, this review discusses strategies to improve photosynthetic carbon assimilation, the pathways actively involved in the transport of sucrose from source to sink organs, and their utilization at the sink organ. We further emphasize the impact of various environmental cues on sucrose transport and utilization, and the strategic yield improvement approaches under such conditions.
Journal Article
Positive allosteric modulators of the human sweet taste receptor enhance sweet taste
To identify molecules that could enhance sweetness perception, we undertook the screening of a compound library using a cell-based assay for the human sweet taste receptor and a panel of selected sweeteners. In one of these screens we found a hit, SE-1, which significantly enhanced the activity of sucralose in the assay. At 50 μM, SE-1 increased the sucralose potency by >20-fold. On the other hand, SE-1 exhibited little or no agonist activity on its own. SE-1 effects were strikingly selective for sucralose. Other popular sweeteners such as aspartame, cyclamate, and saccharin were not enhanced by SE-1 whereas sucrose and neotame potency were increased only by 1.3- to 2.5-fold at 50 μM. Further assay-guided chemical optimization of the initial hit SE-1 led to the discovery of SE-2 and SE-3, selective enhancers of sucralose and sucrose, respectively. SE-2 (50 μM) and SE-3 (200 μM) increased sucralose and sucrose potencies in the assay by 24- and 4.7-fold, respectively. In human taste tests, 100 μM of SE-1 and SE-2 allowed for a reduction of 50% to >80% in the concentration of sucralose, respectively, while maintaining the sweetness intensity, and 100 μM SE-3 allowed for a reduction of 33% in the concentration of sucrose while maintaining the sweetness intensity. These enhancers did not exhibit any sweetness when tasted on their own. Positive allosteric modulators of the human sweet taste receptor could help reduce the caloric content in food and beverages while maintaining the desired taste.
Journal Article
Sugar status in preexisting leaves determines systemic stomatal development within newly developing leaves
Stomata are pores found in the epidermis of stems or leaves that modulate both plant gas exchange and water/nutrient uptake. The development and function of plant stomata are regulated by a diverse range of environmental cues. However, how carbohydrate status in preexisting leaves might determine systemic stomatal formation within newly developing leaves has remained obscure. The glucose (Glc) sensor HEXOKINASE1 (HXK1) has been reported to decrease the stability of an ethylene/Glc signaling transcriptional regulator, EIN3 (ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3). EIN3 in turn directly represses the expression of SUC2 (sucrose transporter 2), encoding a master transporter of sucrose (Suc). Further, KIN10, a nuclear regulator involved in energy homeostasis, has been reported to repress the transcription factor SPCH (SPEECHLESS), a master regulator of stomatal development. Here, we demonstrate that the Glc status of preexisting leaves determines systemic stomatal development within newly developing leaves by the HXK1―¦EIN3―¦SUC2 module. Further, increasing Glc levels in preexisting leaves results in a HXK1-dependent decrease of EIN3 and increase of SUC2, triggering the perception, amplification and relay of HXK1-dependent Glc signaling and thereby triggering Suc transport from mature to newly developing leaves. The HXK1―¦EIN3―¦SUC2 molecular module thereby drives systemic Suc transport from preexisting leaves to newly developing leaves. Subsequently, increasing Suc levels within newly developing leaves promotes stomatal formation through the established KIN10→ SPCH module. Our findings thus show how a carbohydrate signal in preexisting leaves is sensed, amplified and relayed to determine the extent of systemic stomatal development within newly developing leaves.
Journal Article
Effects of plain packaging, warning labels, and taxes on young people’s predicted sugar-sweetened beverage preferences: an experimental study
Background
Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) is associated with increased risk of obesity, diabetes, heart disease and dental caries. Our aim was to assess the effects of plain packaging, warning labels, and a 20 % tax on predicted SSB preferences, beliefs and purchase probabilities amongst young people.
Methods
A 2 × 3 × 2 between-group experimental study was conducted over a one-week period in August 2014. Intervention scenarios were delivered, and outcome data collected, via an anonymous online survey. Participants were 604 New Zealand young people aged 13–24 years who consumed soft drinks regularly. Participants were randomly allocated using a computer-generated algorithm to view one of 12 experimental conditions, specifically images of branded versus plain packaged SSBs, with either no warning, a text warning, or a graphic warning, and with or without a 20 % tax. Participant perceptions of the allocated SSB product and of those who might consume the product were measured using seven-point Likert scales. Purchase probabilities were measured using 11-point Juster scales.
Results
Six hundred and four young people completed the survey (51 % female, mean age 18 (SD 3.4) years). All three intervention scenarios had a significant negative effect on preferences for SSBs (plain packaging:
F
(6, 587) = 54.4,
p
<0.001; warning label:
F
(6, 588) = 19.8,
p
<0.001; 20 % tax:
F
(6, 587) = 11.3,
p
<0.001). Plain packaging and warning labels also had a significant negative impact on reported likelihood of purchasing SSB’s (
p
= <0.001). A 20 % tax reduced participants’ purchase probability but the difference was not statistically significant (
p
= 0.2).
Conclusions
Plain packaging and warning labels significantly reduce young people’s predicted preferences for, and reported probability of purchasing, SSBs.
Journal Article
A Trial of Sugar-free or Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Body Weight in Children
In this randomized trial, normal-weight children received a daily sugar-free, artificially sweetened drink or a similar-tasting, sugar-containing drink. The sugar-free group had less weight gain and fat accumulation over the 18-month study period.
The increased prevalence of obesity in children, a major health problem,
1
,
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has coincided with a large increase in the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages.
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These beverages are considered to be more fattening than solid foods because they do not lead to a sense of satiety.
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Thus, children who increase their consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages may not reduce their intake of calories from other foods and beverages, with a resultant increase in total energy intake and weight gain.
Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages has been associated with weight gain in most observational studies,
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–
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though not all such studies.
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,
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However, children . . .
Journal Article