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result(s) for
"Sucrose - adverse effects"
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Ecologically Valid Carbohydrate Intake during Soccer-Specific Exercise Does Not Affect Running Performance in a Fed State
This study assessed the effect of carbohydrate intake on self-selected soccer-specific running performance. Sixteen male soccer players (age 23 ± 4 years; body mass 76.9 ± 7.2 kg; predicted VO2max = 54.2 ± 2.9 mL∙kg−1∙min−1; soccer experience 13 ± 4 years) completed a progressive multistage fitness test, familiarisation trial and two experimental trials, involving a modified version of the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST) to simulate a soccer match in a fed state. Subjects completed six 15 min blocks (two halves of 45 min) of intermittent shuttle running, with a 15-min half-time. Blocks 3 and 6, allowed self-selection of running speeds and sprint times, were assessed throughout. Subjects consumed 250 mL of either a 12% carbohydrate solution (CHO) or a non-caloric taste matched placebo (PLA) before and at half-time of the LIST. Sprint times were not different between trials (CHO 2.71 ± 0.15 s, PLA 2.70 ± 0.14 s; p = 0.202). Total distance covered in self-selected blocks (block 3: CHO 2.07 ± 0.06 km; PLA 2.09 ± 0.08 km; block 6: CHO 2.04 ± 0.09 km; PLA 2.06 ± 0.08 km; p = 0.122) was not different between trials. There was no difference between trials for distance covered (p ≥ 0.297) or mean speed (p ≥ 0.172) for jogging or cruising. Blood glucose concentration was greater (p < 0.001) at the end of half-time during the CHO trial. In conclusion, consumption of 250 mL of 12% CHO solution before and at half-time of a simulated soccer match does not affect self-selected running or sprint performance in a fed state.
Journal Article
Effects of aspartame-, monk fruit-, stevia- and sucrose-sweetened beverages on postprandial glucose, insulin and energy intake
Background:
Substituting sweeteners with non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) may aid in glycaemic control and body weight management. Limited studies have investigated energy compensation, glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to artificial and natural NNS.
Objectives:
This study compared the effects of consuming NNS (artificial versus natural) and sucrose (65 g) on energy intake, blood glucose and insulin responses.
Methods:
Thirty healthy male subjects took part in this randomised, crossover study with four treatments: aspartame-, monk fruit-, stevia- and sucrose-sweetened beverages. On each test day, participants were asked to consume a standardised breakfast in the morning, and they were provided with test beverage as a preload in mid-morning and
ad libitum
lunch was provided an hour after test beverage consumption. Blood glucose and insulin concentrations were measured every 15 min within the first hour of preload consumption and every 30 min for the subsequent 2 h. Participants left the study site 3 h after preload consumption and completed a food diary for the rest of the day.
Results:
Ad libitum
lunch intake was significantly higher for the NNS treatments compared with sucrose (
P
=0.010). The energy 'saved' from replacing sucrose with NNS was fully compensated for at subsequent meals; hence, no difference in total daily energy intake was found between the treatments (
P
=0.831). The sucrose-sweetened beverage led to large spikes in blood glucose and insulin responses within the first hour, whereas these responses were higher for all three NNS beverages following the test lunch. Thus, there were no differences in total area under the curve (AUC) for glucose (
P
=0.960) and insulin (
P
=0.216) over 3 h between the four test beverages.
Conclusions:
The consumption of calorie-free beverages sweetened with artificial and natural NNS have minimal influences on total daily energy intake, postprandial glucose and insulin compared with a sucrose-sweetened beverage.
Journal Article
A Trial of Sugar-free or Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Body Weight in Children
In this randomized trial, normal-weight children received a daily sugar-free, artificially sweetened drink or a similar-tasting, sugar-containing drink. The sugar-free group had less weight gain and fat accumulation over the 18-month study period.
The increased prevalence of obesity in children, a major health problem,
1
,
2
has coincided with a large increase in the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages.
3
These beverages are considered to be more fattening than solid foods because they do not lead to a sense of satiety.
4
Thus, children who increase their consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages may not reduce their intake of calories from other foods and beverages, with a resultant increase in total energy intake and weight gain.
Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages has been associated with weight gain in most observational studies,
5
–
8
though not all such studies.
9
,
10
However, children . . .
Journal Article
Consuming Sucrose- or HFCS-sweetened Beverages Increases Hepatic Lipid and Decreases Insulin Sensitivity in Adults
Abstract
Context
Studies in rodents and humans suggest that high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS)–sweetened diets promote greater metabolic dysfunction than sucrose-sweetened diets.
Objective
To compare the effects of consuming sucrose-sweetened beverage (SB), HFCS-SB, or a control beverage sweetened with aspartame on metabolic outcomes in humans.
Methods
A parallel, double-blinded, NIH-funded study. Experimental procedures were conducted during 3.5 days of inpatient residence with controlled feeding at a research clinic before (baseline) and after a 12-day outpatient intervention period. Seventy-five adults (18-40 years) were assigned to beverage groups matched for sex, body mass index (18-35 kg/m2), and fasting triglyceride, lipoprotein and insulin concentrations. The intervention was 3 servings/day of sucrose- or HFCS-SB providing 25% of energy requirement or aspartame-SB, consumed for 16 days. Main outcome measures were %hepatic lipid, Matsuda insulin sensitivity index (ISI), and Predicted M ISI.
Results
Sucrose-SB increased %hepatic lipid (absolute change: 0.6 ± 0.2%) compared with aspartame-SB (-0.2 ± 0.2%, P < 0.05) and compared with baseline (P < 0.001). HFCS-SB increased %hepatic lipid compared with baseline (0.4 ± 0.2%, P < 0.05). Compared with aspartame-SB, Matsuda ISI decreased after consumption of HFCS- (P < 0.01) and sucrose-SB (P < 0.01), and Predicted M ISI decreased after consumption of HFCS-SB (P < 0.05). Sucrose- and HFCS-SB increased plasma concentrations of lipids, lipoproteins, and uric acid compared with aspartame-SB. No outcomes were differentially affected by sucrose- compared with HFCS-SB. Beverage group effects remained significant when analyses were adjusted for changes in body weight.
Conclusion
Consumption of both sucrose- and HFCS-SB induced detrimental changes in hepatic lipid, insulin sensitivity, and circulating lipids, lipoproteins and uric acid in 2 weeks.
Journal Article
Replacement of glycaemic carbohydrates by inulin-type fructans from chicory (oligofructose, inulin) reduces the postprandial blood glucose and insulin response to foods: report of two double-blind, randomized, controlled trials
PurposeInulin-type fructans are recognized as prebiotic dietary fibres and classified as non-digestible carbohydrates that do not contribute to glycaemia. The aim of the present studies was to investigate the glycaemic response (GR) and insulinaemic response (IR) to foods in which sucrose was partially replaced by inulin or oligofructose from chicory.MethodsIn a double-blind, randomized, controlled cross-over design, 40–42 healthy adults consumed a yogurt drink containing oligofructose or fruit jelly containing inulin and the respective full-sugar variants. Capillary blood glucose and insulin were measured in fasted participants and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min after starting to drink/eat. For each test food, the incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for glucose and insulin was calculated and the GR and IR determined.ResultsConsumption of a yogurt drink with oligofructose which was 20% reduced in sugars significantly lowered the glycaemic response compared to the full-sugar reference (iAUC120min 31.9 and 37.3 mmol/L/min, respectively; p < 0.05). A fruit jelly made with inulin and containing 30% less sugars than the full-sugar variant likewise resulted in a significantly reduced blood glucose response (iAUC120min 53.7 and 63.7 mmol/L/min, respectively; p < 0.05). In both studies, the postprandial insulin response was lowered in parallel (p < 0.05). The reduction of postprandial glycaemia was positively correlated to the proportion of sugars replaced by inulin-type fructans (p < 0.001).ConclusionsIn conclusion, the studies confirmed that substitution of glycaemic sugars by inulin or oligofructose from chicory may be an effective strategy to reduce the postprandial blood glucose response to foods.
Journal Article
Effects of plain packaging, warning labels, and taxes on young people’s predicted sugar-sweetened beverage preferences: an experimental study
Background
Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) is associated with increased risk of obesity, diabetes, heart disease and dental caries. Our aim was to assess the effects of plain packaging, warning labels, and a 20 % tax on predicted SSB preferences, beliefs and purchase probabilities amongst young people.
Methods
A 2 × 3 × 2 between-group experimental study was conducted over a one-week period in August 2014. Intervention scenarios were delivered, and outcome data collected, via an anonymous online survey. Participants were 604 New Zealand young people aged 13–24 years who consumed soft drinks regularly. Participants were randomly allocated using a computer-generated algorithm to view one of 12 experimental conditions, specifically images of branded versus plain packaged SSBs, with either no warning, a text warning, or a graphic warning, and with or without a 20 % tax. Participant perceptions of the allocated SSB product and of those who might consume the product were measured using seven-point Likert scales. Purchase probabilities were measured using 11-point Juster scales.
Results
Six hundred and four young people completed the survey (51 % female, mean age 18 (SD 3.4) years). All three intervention scenarios had a significant negative effect on preferences for SSBs (plain packaging:
F
(6, 587) = 54.4,
p
<0.001; warning label:
F
(6, 588) = 19.8,
p
<0.001; 20 % tax:
F
(6, 587) = 11.3,
p
<0.001). Plain packaging and warning labels also had a significant negative impact on reported likelihood of purchasing SSB’s (
p
= <0.001). A 20 % tax reduced participants’ purchase probability but the difference was not statistically significant (
p
= 0.2).
Conclusions
Plain packaging and warning labels significantly reduce young people’s predicted preferences for, and reported probability of purchasing, SSBs.
Journal Article
Exploring the impact of caloric restriction on molecular mechanisms of liver damage induced by sucrose intake in the drinking water
A positive association has been demonstrated between consumption of sucrose-sweetened beverages and the prevalence of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Since the administration of 30 % sucrose in the drinking water (sucrose-rich diet (SRD)) to rats has proven to be a good model of systemic insulin resistance, the aim of our study was to analyse the effect of caloric restriction applied on SRD-treated rats by switching back to a standard diet, on liver morphology, function and metabolism. Consumption of an SRD causes a metabolic shift towards gluconeogenesis and fatty acid synthesis leading to an increase in TAG levels in plasma and in the liver that were associated with a decrease in insulin sensitivity. Moreover, our results show that animals fed an SRD develop steatohepatitis characterised by the generation of oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, inflammation and apoptosis. Although no histological changes were observed after a 2-week caloric restriction, key pathways associated with the progression of MASLD as inflammation, ER stress and apoptosis were slowed down. Notably, this 2-week intervention also increased liver insulin sensitivity (evaluated by AKT activity in this tissue) and drove the lipid metabolic profile towards oxidation, thus lowering circulating TAG levels. In summary, the present study uncovers underlying mechanisms affected, and their metabolic consequences, during the first stages of the phenotypic reversal of steatohepatitis by switching back to a standard diet after receiving sucrose-sweetened water for several weeks.
Journal Article
Exercise protects the hypothalamus morphology from the deleterious effects of high sucrose diet consumption
A growing body of evidence suggests that elevated sucrose intake may contribute to the development of neurological disorders. Recognizing that regular exercise has the potential to reduce the occurrence of neuromuscular disorders, the present research investigated the impact of exercise on the redox status of the hypothalamus in mitigating the adverse effects associated with high sucrose intake. Forty Wistar albino rats were subjected to a high sucrose diet, with some groups engaging in exercise for a duration of 3 months. The exercise regimen was found to sustain the redox balance in the hypothalamus. In summary, the consumption of a high sucrose diet resulted in the disturbance of the histological morphology of the hypothalamus, accompanied by an increased percentage of caspase-3 positive cells. Additionally, the high sucrose diet disrupted the oxidant/antioxidant ratio in favor of oxidants, leading to elevated levels of AOPPs and AGEP. Conversely, exercise was effective in restoring most of these values to levels approximating the control group, indicating a potential protective effect of regular exercise against the detrimental impacts of high sucrose dietary consumption on the hypothalamus.
Journal Article
Consumption of sucrose-sweetened soft drinks increases plasma levels of uric acid in overweight and obese subjects: a 6-month randomised controlled trial
Background/Objectives:
Sucrose-sweetened soft drinks (SSSDs) are associated with the development of metabolic disorders. Fructose is a major component of SSSDs and is demonstrated to induce uric acid (UA) production and stimulate fat accumulation independent of excess caloric intake. UA induce insulin resistance and low-grade inflammation, suggesting that UA may have a causal role in the development of metabolic complications. The objective of this study is to investigate the long-term effects of consuming SSSDs on circulating levels of UA in overweight and obese subjects.
Subjects/Methods:
Using a previously published study, circulating UA levels were assessed at baseline and after 6 months using chromogenic enzymatic absorptiometry. The study included 47 overweight and obese subjects without diabetes, randomised to consume 1 l daily of either SSSD (regular cola), isocaloric semi-skimmed milk, diet cola or water for 6 months.
Results:
Circulating UA levels increased ~15% (
P
=0.02) after the 6-month intervention in the SSSD group with no change in the other groups. In the SSSD group, circulating UA levels increased significantly after the intervention in both absolute (
P
=0.005) and relative values (
P
=0.004). The change in UA after the intervention correlated with changes in liver fat (
P
=0.005), triglycerides (
P
=0.02) and insulin (
P
=0.002).
Conclusions:
In this secondary analysis daily intake of 1 l SSSD for 6 months was found to increase circulating UA levels compared with isocaloric milk, diet cola and water. Thus, a high daily intake of SSSDs in overweight and obese subjects without overt diabetes may increase the risk of developing metabolic complications through the elevation of UA. This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT00777647.
Journal Article