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THE STATUS OF THE SPIRIT IN AL-MUSTAMLĪ AL-BUḪĀRĪ’S ŠARḤ AL-TA‘ARRUF: CASE STUDY OF THE INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF ḤANAFITE SUFISM, SUNNĪ KALĀM AND AVICENNISM IN THE FIFTH / ELEVENTH CENTURY TRANSOXIANA
La première partie de cet article est consacrée à la présentation d'al-Mustamlī al-Buḫārī et du commentaire volumineux qu'il a rédigé sur al-Ta‘rruf li-maḏhab altaṣawwuf d'al-Kalābāḏī. Al-Mustamlī et al-Kalābāḏī avaient, tous les deux, un grand penchant pour les discussions de kalām et al-Mustamlī s'est étendu sur nombre de questions théologiques dans son commentaire, le Šarḥ al-Ta‘arruf. Au vu de la présence de sujets propres au kalām dans le livre d'al-Mustamlī, cet article abordera la question de l'appartenance de ce dernier aux écoles de la théologie sunnite et montrera que malgré sa proximité géographique avec Abū Manṣūr al-Māturīdī, al-Mustamlī était probablement affilié à l’école d'Abū l-Ḥasan al-Aš‘arī. La seconde partie de cet article portera sur le problème de la nature de l'esprit (rūḥ) dans le traitement qu'en offre al-Mustamlī. En abordant cette question, al-Mustamlī est allé au-delà des frontières de l'anthropologie physicaliste du kalām et son argument en faveur de l'existence de l'esprit offre des affinités avec la preuve avicennienne de l'existence de l’âme rationnelle, telle qu'elle se présente dans le fameux argument de l'homme volant. L'ouvrage d'al-Mustamlī constitue donc une source importante pour comprendre l'histoire intellectuelle en Transoxiane et les interactions entre les différents groupes de théoriciens – mutakallimūn, Sufis et falāsifa. The first part of this article presents al-Mustamlī al-Buḫārī and his work, a voluminous commentary on al-Kalābāḏī’s compendium of Sufi doctrines, al-Ta‘rruf limaḏhab al-taṣawwuf. Both al-Kalābāḏī and al-Mustamlī had strong tendencies to the discussions of kalām, and of the two al-Mustamlī wrote extensively on theological issues in his commentary, Šarḥ al-Ta‘arruf. In light of the presence of topics of kalām in al-Mustamlī’s book, this article will demonstrate that despite his geographical proximity to Abū Manṣūr al-Māturīdī’s theological school, al-Mustamlī was probably a follower of Abū l-Ḥasan al-Aš‘arī. The second part of the article concerns al-Mustamlī’s discussion of the nature of spirit (rūḥ). It will be argued that in dealing with the nature of the spirit, al-Mustamlī goes beyond the physicalist anthropology of the kalām and presents an argument for the existence of the spirit that has some affinities with Avicenna's proof of the existence of human rational soul, as it appears in the context of his famous thought experiment, the “flying man”. In both parts, the main claim of this article is that al-Mustamlī’s book is a valuable source for understanding the intellectual history of Transoxiana, and the intricate interactions of different disciplines, kalām, falsafa, taṣawwuf with each other.
Journal Article
Recognizing Sufism : contemplation in the Islamic tradition
Sufism is all too often associated just with 'mysticism' in the West. The author of this new textbook, a former pupil of Annemarie Schimmel, suggests that conflating Sufism and mysticism is only partially valid. He shows that the vast majority of Sufi practice, both historically and in the contemporary world, has little or nothing to do with a esoteric transcendence but is rather focused on contemplative activity. Such practice might involve art, music, devotional shrine visitation - even politics and psychology. Placing Sufism in a wider Islamic contemplative context enables Arthur F Buehler to examine Sufi history, as well as current application, against a backdrop that is richer and more inclusive than that portrayed in many competing introductory surveys. Discussing the origins of Sufism; the development of Sufi lineages (via three founder figures); Sufi lodges and the role of Sufism in colonial resistance; Sufi poetry; Sufi shrines, and Sufism in the West, the author rescues his topic from the idea that it means only union with the divine. In this original new treatment, Sufism emerges as complex and multi-layered.
Book
MOCOPAT SYAFAAT: FROM NEO-SUFISM TOWARD A NEW CIVILIZATION
Often theologians and academics overlook very important popular religious movements. They fail to appreciate their significance, the way they have adapted themselves to changing realities, answer peoples needs, or contribute to significant society reforms. One such movement is the neo-Sufi movement of Emha Ainun Najib called the Mocopat Syafaat Emha Ainun Najib. This essay will show the significance of this movement in comparison to earlier neo-Sufi movements such as the Nurcholis Madjid neo-Sufism movement. What they share in common is both try to cultivate the self-autonomy of their followers, and emphasise that with this self-autonomy, anyone can access God directly without having to go through the intermediaries of a murshid, as in the order of the tarekat. But the Mocopat Syafaat movement has advantages not possessed in the Nurcholis Madjid neo-Sufism community, namely its more egalitarian and mass dialogue. This is why it is overlooked by academics, but it is why it can play a larger role in society. Mocopat Intercession can be seen as a new civilization movement reviving the character of Islamic civilization that once triumphed in the golden age of Islam.
Journal Article
The Popularisation of Sufism in Ayyubid and Mamluk Egypt, 1173-1325
In the 12th – 14th centuries, Sufism (‘Islamic mysticism’) became extraordinarily popular across Egypt. Elites and non-elites, rulers and ruled, the wealthy and the poor, even Jews, all embraced a variety of Sufi ideas and practices. This book is the first systematic investigation of how and why this popularisation occurred. It surveys several Sufi groups, from different regions of Egypt, and details how each of them promulgated, performed, and popularised their specific Sufi doctrines and practices. This popularisation would have a profound impact on the Egyptian religious landscape and on the subsequent history of Islam more broadly.
eBook
The Popularisation of Sufism
In the 12th - 14th centuries, Sufism ('Islamic mysticism') became extraordinarily popular across Egypt. Elites and non-elites, rulers and ruled, the wealthy and the poor, even Jews, all embraced a variety of Sufi ideas and practices. This book is the first systematic investigation of how and why this popularisation occurred. It surveys several Sufi groups, from different regions of Egypt, and details how each of them promulgated, performed, and popularised their specific Sufi doctrines and practices. This popularisation would have a profound impact on the Egyptian religious landscape and on the subsequent history of Islam more broadly.
eBook
