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This study investigates the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Rhus vulgaris fruit extract (RVFE) and evaluates their antioxidant, antibacterial, and UV protection properties. R. vulgaris , a member of the Anacardiaceae family, is known for its rich phytochemical profile, including phenols, glycosides, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids, which contribute to its medicinal properties. The AgNPs were synthesized by mixing RVFE with silver nitrate (AgNO₃) under optimized conditions: a temperature of 80 °C, a pH of 9, a reaction time of 40 minutes, and a 9:1 AgNO₃-to-RVFE ratio. Characterization of the synthesized AgNPs was performed using UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and zeta potential analysis. The results confirmed the successful synthesis, with AgNPs exhibiting an average size of approximately 14.64 ± 0.4 nm and a zeta potential of -26.0 mV, indicating good stability. The antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH radical scavenging assay, revealing a maximum inhibition of 53.7% ± 0.12% with an IC₅₀ value of 81.2 μg/mL. Antibacterial tests demonstrated significant activity against various bacterial strains, with inhibition zones ranging from 23.88 ± 1.10 mm to 30.21 ± 1.21 mm, indicating a stronger effect against Gram-negative bacteria. Additionally, the synthesized AgNPs exhibited a high Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of 234.5, suggesting their potential as effective UV blockers.This study highlights the promising applications of AgNPs-RVFE in biotechnology, medicine, and healthcare, emphasizing their eco-friendly synthesis and significant biological activities.

Nanomaterials, as an active ingredient, have been widely deployed in various science and technological applications with zinc and titanium oxides nanoparticles being commonly applied in sunscreens. On similar lines, cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO 2 -NPs) were synthesized using Musa sapientum peel extract, to investigate its cytotoxic effects, UV protection and photocatalytic activity. The synthesized nanoparticles were identified through Raman, Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD), Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDX). FESEM results showed that the size of synthesized nanoparticles is in the range 4–13 nm. Their cytotoxic activity revealed a non-toxic behavior in concentrations below 500 μg/mL on lung (A549) cell lines. The Sun protection factor (SPF) was estimated approximately ~ 40 for synthesized CeO 2 -NPs. The survey of photocatalytic activity showed that synthesized nanoparticles can remove 81.7% of AO7 in 180 min under visible light.

Tyrosinase, a key protein in the biosynthesis of melanin pigments, is crucial in determining skin pigmentation. Inhibiting tyrosinase activity is a promising approach for treating conditions related to excessive pigmentation. For the synthesis of more potent tyrosinase inhibitors, we combined two approaches, para-substitution and lipophilicity, to enhance the inhibitory properties of (E)-2-(4-hydroxybenzylidene)hydrazine-1-carbotiamide, whose enzyme inhibitory properties have been previously demonstrated. The newly synthesized compounds showed potent inhibition activity against tyrosinase in the micromolar concentration range. The synthesised compounds were up to 41 times more effective than kojic acid. In addition to this biological activity, all molecules were evaluated for their sun protection factor to determine their photoprotective effects. All the compounds showed higher efficacy than reference compounds, used as sunscreens in photoprotective preparations. All compounds were noncytotoxic at the concentration required to inhibit tyrosinase activity. With the aim of defining the potential binding modes and the kind of interactions between the studied molecules and the catalytic site of mushroom tyrosinase, molecular docking simulations were also performed.

Increasing cases of sunburn is one of the serious problems across the globe. In this connection, there is an urgent requirement for some effective sun screening agents. In the search for the same, nanoemulsions of some new synthesized and characterized chalcone derivatives were prepared and evaluated in vitro and in vivo. In order to meet the said objective, in the first step, vanillin was reacted with 4-aminoacetophenone in the presence of 15% sodium hydroxide and ethanol to synthesize the target compounds (C-1 to C-5). Progress of reaction was monitored using thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The crystals of purified compounds were characterized using spectroscopic techniques such as Infrared (IR) spectroscopy, 1H-NMR spectroscopy, 13C-NMR, and mass spectrometry. We prepared the nanoemulsions of the final compounds (C-1 to C-5) and subsequently evaluated them for in vitro sun protection factor activity. The concentration of the nanoemulsions, consistently ranging from 0.88 to 0.91 mg/mL across all formulations, demonstrated a high degree of consistency. The range of particle size varied from approximately 172 to 183 nm, with low polydispersity index values (approximately 0.11 to 0.15). The negative zeta potentials recorded for all the formulations (ranging from −35.87 mV to −39.30 mV) showed that the nanoemulsions are electrostatically stable enough to keep them from sticking together. The pH values of the nanoemulsions ranged narrowly from approximately 5.00 to 5.16, which indicated the compatibility of emulsion with biological systems and the potential to reduce irritation or instability during administration. The viscosity of the nanoemulsions varied between 2.00 and 2.12 cP. In silico studies were performed using MMP-I and MMP-2 as target receptors. For in vitro SPF evaluation, the Mansur equation was employed. COLIPA guidelines were compiled for in vivo SPF evaluation. The nanoemulsions derived from compounds C-3 and C-4, designated as C-3NE and C-4NE, were more effective as anti-aging agents. Findings suggested the possible scope of further synthesis of newer synthetic derivatives of chalcones for furfur development nanoemulsions for better SPF activity.

In recent years, the global need for sustainable nanotechnological approaches has arisen due to the strong concern about drug-resistant microorganisms and water pollution being a major problem. In this study, Astrodaucus persicus was used for the green synthesis of cobalt oxide nanoparticles (A@CoONPs), as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) confirmed the presence of key phytochemicals such as p-coumaric acid (9.63 mg/g) and rutin (7.38 mg/g), which can act as natural reducing and stabilizing agents during nanoparticle formation. The nanoparticles were characterized using various analytical techniques. The antibacterial, anticancer, free radical scavenging, water purification performance organic dye degradation and heavy metal removal, colorimetric sensor, and sunscreen properties (first-time) of the synthesized nanoparticles were evaluated. A@CoONPs demonstrated potent antibacterial effects against a broad spectrum of bacterial strains. They exhibited notable anticancer activity against AGS cancer cell lines (IC₅₀ = 66.61 µg/ml) and lower cytotoxicity toward normal L929 cells (IC₅₀ = 330.35 µg/ml), resulting in a 4.96-fold higher selectivity index compared to cisplatin. The nanoparticles could also degrade organic dyes, facilitate the removal and detection of heavy metal ions. Also, the nanoparticles exhibited a sun protection factor (SPF) of 22.66 at a concentration of 1 mg/ml. Collectively, these results promise broad applications of green-synthesized A@CoONPs for medical, environmental, sensing, and cosmetic applications.

Excessive UV exposure contributes to several pathological conditions like skin burns, erythema, premature skin aging, photodermatoses, immunosuppression, and skin carcinogenesis. Effective protection from UV radiation may be achieved with the use of sunscreens containing UV filters. Currently used UV filters are characterized by some limitations including systemic absorption, endocrine disruption, skin allergy induction, and cytotoxicity. In the research centers all over the world new molecules are developed to improve the safety, photostability, solubility, and absorption profile of new derivatives. In our study, we designed and synthesized seventeen novel molecules by combining in the structures two chromophores: xanthone and (E)-cinnamoyl moiety. The ultraviolet spectroscopic properties of the tested compounds were confirmed in chloroform solutions. They acted as UVB or UVA/UVB absorbers. The most promising compound 9 (6-methoxy-9-oxo-9H-xanthen-2-yl)methyl (E)-3-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)acrylate) absorbed UV radiation in the range 290–369 nm. Its photoprotective activity and functional photostability were further evaluated after wet milling and incorporation in the cream base. This tested formulation with compound 9 possessed very beneficial UV protection parameters (SPFin vitro of 19.69 ± 0.46 and UVA PF of 12.64 ± 0.32) which were similar as broad-spectrum UV filter tris-biphenyl triazine. Additionally, compound 9 was characterized by high values of critical wavelength (381 nm) and UVA/UVB ratio (0.830) thus it was a good candidate for broad-spectrum UV filter and it might protect skin against UVA-induced photoaging. Compound 9 were also shown to be photostable, non-cytotoxic at concentrations up to 50 µM when tested on five cell lines, and non-mutagenic in Ames test. It also possessed no estrogenic activity, according to the results of MCF-7 breast cancer model. Additionally, its favorable lipophilicity (miLogP = 5.62) does not predispose it to penetrate across the skin after topical application.

An ever-increasing incidence of skin neoplastic diseases is registered. Therefore, it is important to protect the skin from the UV radiation that reaches the epidermis and dermis but also to block ROS generated by them. Our attention was attracted in developing new compounds provided with both UV filtering and antioxidant capacities. To this end, 2-phenyl-1H-benzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid (PBSA), a known UV filter, was selected as lead compound for its lack of antioxidant activity, high water solubility and good safety profile. PBSA was sequentially modified introducing hydroxyls on the phenyl ring and also substituting the functional group in position 5 of the benzimidazole ring. At the end of the synthetic study, a new, very potent class of antioxidants has been obtained. Surprisingly some of the developed molecules, while devoid of significant UV-filtering activity was endowed with potent UV-filtering booster capability if associated with known commercial UVB and UVA filters.

Sunscreen-based photoprotection is an important strategy to prevent photoaging and skin cancer. Among the effective and modern sunscreens, triazine compounds are known as an important class based on their physical-chemical properties, such as photostability and UV broad-spectrum absorption (UVA and UVB). Molecular modeling and quantum mechanical calculations approaches can be helpful to orientate the design of sunscreens. Herein, a case study is presented to demonstrate the importance of the molecular modeling as a design tool for promising sunscreen candidates based on the synthesis research previously described of bemotrizinol, a broad-spectrum photostable organic UV filter present in many sunscreens products. Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations performed in gas phase on the isolated organic UV filters proved to reproduce the experimental UV absorption, guiding the choice of the most efficient candidate as sunscreen. The present work highlights the importance of molecular modeling as an effective tool to support synthesis research, increasing the possibility of obtaining promising compounds with reduced costs and effluent production. Graphical abstract A case study to demonstrate the importance of the molecular modeling as a design tool for promising sunscreen candidates is presented. The method proved to be a valuable tool to reproduce the experimental UV absorption and to determinate the most efficient molecule as sunscreen among the candidates.

The preparation of TiO2 nanocrystallite powders coated with and without 9 mol% ZnO has been studied for cosmetic applications in sunscreens by a co-precipitation process using TiCl4 and Zn(NO3)2·6H2O as starting materials. XRD results show that the phases of anatase TiO2 and rutile TiO2 coexist for precursor powders without added ZnO (T-0Z) and calcined at 523 to 973 K for 2 h. When the T-0Z precursor powders are calcined at 1273 K for 2 h, only the rutile TiO2 appears. In addition, when the TiO2 precursor powders contain 9 mol% ZnO (T-9Z) are calcined at 873 to 973 K for 2 h, the crystallized samples are composed of the major phase of rutile TiO2 and the minor phases of anatase TiO2 and Zn2Ti3O8. The analyses of UV/VIS/NIR spectra reveal that the absorption of the T-9Z precursor powders after being calcined has a red-shift effect in the UV range with increasing calcination temperature. Therefore, the TiO2 nanocrystallite powders coated with 9 mol% ZnO can be used as the attenuate agent in the UV-A region for cosmetic applications in sunscreens.

Di-2,2′-diethylhexyl-3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxy-benzylidenemalonate (INCI name diethylhexyl syringylidene malonate, DESM), the target photostabilizer, was synthesized in one step by condensation of 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxy benzaldehyde (Syringaldehyde) with di-2,2′-diethylhexyl malonate. Photostability data in sunscreen formulations showed that DESM is photostable and improves the photostability of avobenzone significantly when compared to control (without a photostabilizer). Photostable broad-spectrum sunscreen formulations with high SPF (>30) have been achieved by combining avobenzone, DESM and UV-B sunscreens, such as homosalate, octisalate or other UV-B sunscreens. It seems that (a) triplet-state energy transfer from avobenzone to DESM and (b) scavenging of reactive species are responsible for the observed stabilization of avobenzone. In vitro study of the two formulations containing DESM clearly showed critical wavelength of well over 370 nm and can thus be categorized as broad-spectrum sunscreens. DESM does not have any contribution to in vivo SPF; instead it boosts SPF by about 5 units in high-SPF products. DESM was found to be an excellent singlet-oxygen quencher, thereby reducing photodegradation of avobenzone caused by singlet oxygen. In short, the multiplicity of effects and formulation benefits seen with DESM makes it an ideal choice as a unique antioxidant photostabilizer for a variety of cosmetic products targeting young and mature skin alike.