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Crystalline cerium(III) phosphate (CePO[sub.4]), cerium(IV) phosphates, and nanocrystalline ceria are considered to be promising components of sunscreen cosmetics. This paper reports on a study in which, for the first time, a quantitative comparative analysis was performed of the UV-shielding properties of CePO[sub.4], Ce(PO[sub.4])(HPO[sub.4])[sub.0.5](H[sub.2]O)[sub.0.5], and CePO[sub.4]/CeO[sub.2] composites. Both the sun protection factor and protection factor against UV-A radiation of the materials were determined. Ce(PO[sub.4])(HPO[sub.4])[sub.0.5](H[sub.2]O)[sub.0.5] was shown to have a sun protection factor of 2.9, which is comparable with that of nanocrystalline ceria and three times higher than the sun protection factor of CePO[sub.4]. Composites containing both cerium dioxide and CePO[sub.4] demonstrated higher sun protection factors (up to 1.8) than individual CePO[sub.4]. When compared with the TiO[sub.2] Aeroxide P25 reference sample, cerium(III) and cerium(IV) phosphates demonstrated negligible photocatalytic activity. A cytotoxicity analysis performed using two mammalian cell lines, hMSc and NCTC L929, showed that CePO[sub.4], Ce(PO[sub.4])(HPO[sub.4])[sub.0.5](H[sub.2]O)[sub.0.5], and nanocrystalline ceria were all non-toxic. The results of this comparative study indicate that cerium(IV) phosphate Ce(PO[sub.4])(HPO[sub.4])[sub.0.5](H[sub.2]O)[sub.0.5] is more advantageous for use in sunscreens than either cerium(III) phosphate or CePO[sub.4]/CeO[sub.2] composites, due to its improved UV-shielding properties and low photocatalytic activity.

The flower of Syringa pubescens Turcz. is used in Chinese folk medicine and also as a flower tea for healthcare. The effects of five drying methods on the active compound contents, the antioxidant abilities, anti-inflammatory properties and enzyme inhibitory activities were evaluated. The plant materials were treated using shade-drying, microwave-drying, sun-drying, infrared-drying and oven-drying. The seven active compounds were simultaneously determined using an HPLC method. Furthermore, the chemical profile was assessed using scanning electron microscopy, ultraviolet spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy. The antioxidant capacities and protective effects on L02 cells induced with hydrogen peroxide were measured. The anti-inflammatory effects on lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 cells were investigated. The enzyme inhibitory activities were determined against α-amylase, α-glucosidase cholinesterases and tyrosinase. The results indicated that drying methods had significant influences on the active compound contents and biological properties. Compared with other samples, the OD samples possessed low IC[sub.50] values with 0.118 ± 0.004 mg/mL for DPPH radical, 1.538 ± 0.0972 for hydroxyl radical and 0.886 ± 0.199 mg/mL for superoxide radical, while the SHD samples had stronger reducing power compared with other samples. The SHD samples could be effective against H[sub.2]O[sub.2]-induced injury on L02 cells by the promoting of T-AOC, GSH-PX, SOD and CAT activities and the reducing of MDA content compared with other samples. Furthermore, SPF samples, especially the SHD sample, could evidently ameliorate inflammation through the inhibition of IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α expression. All the studied SPF samples exhibited evidently inhibitory effects on the four enzymes. The IC[sub.50] values of inhibitory activity on α-glucosidase and α-amylase from SHD sample were 2.516 ± 0.024 and 0.734 ± 0.034 mg/mL, respectively. SD samples had potential inhibitory effects on cholinesterases and tyrosinase with IC[sub.50] values of 3.443 ± 0.060 and 1.732 ± 0.058 mg/mL. In consideration of active compound contents and biological activities, it was recommended that SHD and SD be applied for drying SPF at an industrial scale.

The effectiveness of ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate (EMHPS) in acute alcohol intoxication was tested in a study on SPF male outbred ICR mice. Ethanol (concentration 40%) was administered to animals once intraperitoneally at a dose of 4 g/kg. Control animals were injected with saline in an equivalent volume. In 15 min after the administration of alcohol, the animals were injected intravenously or intramuscularly with EMHPS at a dose of 50 or 100 mg/kg or with saline via the same route in an equivalent volume. Animal behavior was tested 3 and 24 h later after administration of the substances. After 3 and 24 h, mice in the pathological control groups developed semiptosis, the gait and the turning over reflex were impaired, the strength of the hind limbs decreased and the distance between the hind limbs increased when landing; in the open-field test, the latency of the first movement increased, and the number of rearing postures decreased. Intravenous and intramuscular administration of EMHPS in doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg had a pronounced antitoxic and neuroprotective effect in acute alcohol intoxication: all studied parameters did not differ significantly from the control. Key Words: ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate; Mexidol; acute alcohol intoxication; SPF outbred mice ICR

Although solar exposure is necessary for human health, phototoxicology induced by excessive UVB and UVA radiation, which involves sunburns, skin aging and even tumorigenesis, has been widely researched. Sunscreen is one of the most important ways to protect skin from UV phototoxic damage. As well as inorganic and organic UV filters, some natural products or plant extracts with aromatic rings in their structures, such as flavonoids or polyphenols, can absorb UV to reduce sunburn, acting as a natural UV filter; they also show antioxidant or/and anti‐inflammatory activity. This could explain why, although there are no officially approval natural commercial sun‐filters, more and more commercial sunscreen products containing plant extracts are available on the market. Here we summarize articles focusing on natural UV filters from plant published in the last 6 years, selecting the most significant data in order to better understand the photoprotective activity of natural products and extracts from plants, including their major constituents and main biological effects, methods for evaluating UV radiation resistance, anti‐UV radiation experimental models and anti‐UV radiation mechanisms. It summarized natural UV filters from plant in the last 6 years in types of major constituent, main biological effects, evaluation methods of UV radiation resistance, anti‐UV radiation experiment models and anti‐UV radiation mechanisms, in order to better understand the role of herbal extracts in exerting their photo protective activity.

Influencer Nara Smith and her husband Lucky Blue Smith showed their audience how they make sunscreen at home. We tried to see if it’ll actually protect you from the sun.

Hesperidin is a bioflavonoid, with high concentration in citrus fruits. In addition to its well-known benefits for cardiovascular function, type II diabetes, and anti-inflammation, recent studies have demonstrated multiple benefits of hesperidin for cutaneous functions, including wound healing, UV protection, anti-inflammation, antimicrobial, antiskin cancer, and skin lightening. In addition, hesperidin enhances epidermal permeability barrier homeostasis in both normal young and aged skin. The mechanisms by which hesperidin benefits cutaneous functions are attributable to its antioxidant properties, inhibition of MAPK-dependent signaling pathways, and stimulation of epidermal proliferation, differentiation, and lipid production. Because of its low cost, wide availability, and superior safety, hesperidin could prove useful for the management of a variety of cutaneous conditions.

Fruit peels might be a valuable source of active ingredients for cosmetics, leading to more sustainable usage of plant by-products. The aim of the study was to evaluate the phytochemical content and selected biological properties of hydroglycolic extracts from peels and pulps of Annona cherimola, Diospyros kaki, Cydonia oblonga, and Fortunella margarita as potential cosmetic ingredients. Peel and pulp extracts were compared for their antiradical activity (using DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays), skin-lightening potential (tyrosinase inhibitory assay), sun protection factor (SPF), and cytotoxicity toward human fibroblast, keratinocyte, and melanoma cell lines. The total content of polyphenols and/or flavonoids was significantly higher in peel than in pulp extracts, and the composition of particular active compounds was also markedly different. The HPLC-MS fingerprinting revealed the presence of catechin, epicatechin and rutoside in the peel of D. kaki, whereas kaempferol glucoside and procyanidin A were present only in the pulp. In A. cherimola, catechin, epicatechin and rutoside were identified only in the peel of the fruit, whereas procyanidins were traced only in the pulp extracts. Quercetin and luteolinidin were found to be characteristic compounds of F. margarita peel extract. Naringenin and hesperidin were found only in the pulp of F. margarita. The most significant compositional variety between the peel and pulp extracts was observed for C. oblonga: Peel extracts contained a higher number of active components (e.g., vicenin-2, kaempferol rutinoside, or kaempferol galactoside) than pulp extract. The radical scavenging potential of peel extracts was higher than of the pulp extracts. D. kaki and F. margarita peel and pulp extracts inhibited mushroom and murine tyrosinases at comparable levels. The C. oblonga pulp extract was a more potent mushroom tyrosinase inhibitor than the peel extract. Peel extract of A. cherimola inhibited mushroom tyrosinase but activated the murine enzyme. F. margarita pulp and peel extracts showed the highest in vitro SPF. A. cherimola, D. kaki, and F. margarita extracts were not cytotoxic for fibroblasts and keratinocytes up to a concentration of 2% (v/v) and the peel extracts were cytotoxic for A375 melanoma cells. To summarize, peel extracts from all analyzed fruit showed comparable or better cosmetic-related properties than pulp extracts and might be considered multifunctional active ingredients of skin lightening, anti-aging, and protective cosmetics.

This study aimed to develop a sustainable approach for isolating bioactive lipophilic components from Taraxacum officinale flowers using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SFE-CO[sub.2]) and to assess the effect of adding 5% ethanol (EtOH) as a co-solvent on extraction yield, in vitro antioxidant capacity in CUPRAC and ABTS assays (TEAC[sub.CUPRAC] and TEAC[sub.ABTS]), total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) content, β-carotene concentration, and photoprotective potential, expressed as the sun protection factor (SPF). SFE-CO[sub.2] at 35 MPa and 40 °C resulted in 50% of the total yield within 15 min, with equilibrium reached after 120 min (final yield of 4.6 g/100 g flowers). Co-solvent addition increased yield by ~50% and shortened extraction time. The EtOH-modified extract exhibited markedly higher antioxidant activity, with a 2-fold increase in TEAC[sub.CUPRAC] (167 mg TE/g E), an 11-fold increase in TEAC[sub.ABTS] (194 mg TE/g E), and a 3-fold increase in TPC (91 mg GAE/g E), along with improved recovery of flavonoids and β-carotene. Volatile profiling revealed monoterpenoids, aldehydes, and esters as dominant groups, with carvone (14.0–16.5%) and dill ether (4.2–5.8%) as major contributors to aroma. The SFE-CO[sub.2] + 5% EtOH extract achieved the highest SPF value (49.5 at 1 mg/mL; SPF > 6 at >0.1 mg/mL), indicating strong photoprotective potential and potential suitability for natural antioxidant and cosmetic applications.

Objective To explore the mechanism of huankuile (HKL) in colon injury repair in rats with ulcerative colitis (UC). Methods Fifty SPF Wistar male rats were divided randomly into a normal group, a negative control group, an HKL intervention group ('HKL group') and a 5-aminosalicylic acid intervention group ('5-ASA group'). After 14 days of intervention with corresponding drugs, pathological scores were obtained using the results of immunohistochemical staining; morphological changes were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining, and the mRNA expression levels of tumour necrosis factor-[alpha] (TNF-[alpha]), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and interleukin-13 (IL-13) were detected by real-time quantitative PCR. Results After the successful construction of the rat model, it was compared with the rats in the normal group. In the negative group, it was found that the expression of TNF-[alpha] and MMP9 was significantly increased in the colonic mucosal epithelia of the rats, the pathological score was significantly increased (P < 0.05), and the mRNA expression levels of TNF-[alpha], MMP9 and IL-13 were increased (P < 0.05). After treatment with HKL, the colonic morphology of the rats returned to normal, the expression of TNF-[alpha] and MMP9 in the colonic mucosal epithelium of the rats returned to normal, the pathological score grade was significantly reduced (P < 0.05), and the mRNA expression levels of TNF-[alpha], MMP9 and IL-13 were reduced; these results were largely consistent with those of the normal group, with no statistically significant difference. Conclusion HKL effectively improved the general symptoms and tissue injury in UC rats, and the therapeutic effect was better than that of 5-ASA group. Ulcerative colitis in rats increased the expression of TNF-[alpha], MMP9 and IL-13. HKL repaired UC-induced colonic injury in rats by decreasing the expression of TNF-[alpha], MMP9 and IL-13. Keywords: Huankuile, Ulcerative colitis, Inflammatory factor, TNF-[alpha], MMP9