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Introduction The aims of the present study are to investigate the effects of Ce 3+ on the growth and some antioxidant metabolisms in rice seedlings ( Oryza sativa L. cv Shengdao 16). Materials and methods The rice was treated with 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mM Ce 3+ , respectively. The growth index of rice was measured. The chlorophyll content; catalase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase activities; and the level of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), superoxide anion (O 2 ·− ), and malondialdehyde were assayed. The accumulation of Ce 3+ and the uptake of mineral nutrition elements were analyzed with ICP-SF-MS. Results and discussion Hormetic effects of Ce 3+ on the growth and some antioxidant metabolisms were found in the roots and shoots of rice. The roots can accumulate a much higher content of Ce 3+ than shoots and Ce 3+ mainly located in the cell wall of roots. Moreover, the uptake of K, Mg, Ca, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Mo in the roots and shoots was affected with the exposure of different Ce 3+ treatments, which indicated that Ce 3+ affected the nutritional status of roots and shoots and further affected the growth of rice. Conclusion The appropriate amount of Ce 3+ improved the defense system and growth of rice. The roots can accumulate a much higher content of Ce 3+ than shoots. Moreover, the uptake of K, Mg, Ca, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Mo in the roots and shoots was affected with the exposure of different Ce 3+ treatments.

Chemiluminescence (CL) is a self-illuminating phenomenon fueled by chemical energy instead of extra excited light, which features superiority in sensitivity, signal-to-background ratios, and imaging depth. Strategies to synthesize a CL emission unimolecular skeleton in the second near-infrared window (NIR-II) and a unimolecular probe with direct duplex NIR-II [CL/fluorescence (FL)] emission are lacking. Here, we employ modular synthesis routes to construct a series of directly activated NIR-II CL emission unimolecular probes with a maximum emission wavelength of up to 1060 nm, and use them for real-time and continuous detection of the superoxide anion generated in acetaminophen induced liver injury in a female mice model under both NIR-II CL and NIR-II FL imaging channels. Thus, this study establishes a directly activatable NIR-II CL emission unimolecular skeleton, validating the scalability of this duplex NIR-II CL/FL imaging platform in bioactive molecule detection and disease diagnosis. Strategies to synthesize a chemiluminescence (CL) emission unimolecular skeleton in the second near-infrared window (NIR-II) and a unimolecular probe with direct duplex NIR-II [CL/fluorescence (FL)] emission are lacking. Here, the authors employ modular synthesis routes to construct a series of directly activated NIR-II CL emission unimolecular probes with a maximum emission wavelength of up to 1060 nm, and use them for real-time and continuous detection of the superoxide anion generated in acetaminophen induced liver injury under both NIR-II CL and NIRII FL imaging channels.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) including the superoxide anion (O2•−) are typically studied in cell cultures using fluorescent dyes, which provide only discrete single-point measurements. These methods lack the capabilities for assessing O2•− kinetics and release in a quantitative manner over long monitoring times. Herein, we present the fabrication and application of an electrochemical biosensor that enables real-time continuous monitoring of O2•− release in cell cultures for extended periods (> 8 h) using an O2•− specific microelectrode. To achieve the sensitivity and selectivity requirements for cellular sensing, we developed a biohybrid system consisting of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Ti3C2Tx MXenes, deposited on a gold microwire electrode (AuME) as O2•− specific materials with catalytic amplification through the synergistic action of the enzyme and the biomimetic MXenes-based structure. The biosensor demonstrated a sensitivity of 18.35 nA/μM with a linear range from 147 to 930 nM in a cell culture medium. To demonstrate its robustness and practicality, we applied the biosensor to monitor O2•− levels in human leukemia monocytic THP-1 cells upon stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Using this strategy, we successfully monitored LPS-induced O2•− in THP-1 cells, as well as the quenching effect induced by the ROS scavenger N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC). The biosensor is generally useful for exploring the role of oxidative stress and longitudinally monitoring O2•− release in cell cultures, enabling studies of biochemical processes and associated oxidative stress mechanisms in cellular and other biological environments.

Background Periodontitis is a polymicrobial, multifactorial infection that affects the supporting structures of teeth. Melatonin, a biomolecule with anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties, has demonstrated promising results in various medical fields, including dentistry. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of 1% (w/v) melatonin gel as an adjunct to Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy (NSPT) in improving clinical periodontal parameters, reducing antimicrobial activity against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Prevotella intermedia , and increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) among patients with stage II periodontitis. Methods A split-mouth randomized controlled trial was conducted on 24 periodontitis patients. Two sites per patient were randomly assigned: the test site underwent scaling and root planing (SRP) followed by intra pocket application of 1% melatonin gel, while the control site received SRP alone. Clinical parameters, including the Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI), Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI), Periodontal Pocket Depth (PPD), and Clinical Attachment Loss (CAL), were assessed at baseline, 1 month, and 3 months. Subgingival plaque samples and GCF were collected to evaluate microbial and biochemical changes. Results Both groups showed statistically significant improvements in clinical parameters from baseline to the 3rd month post-therapy. A quantitative reduction in Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Prevotella intermedia was observed at both sites. Additionally, the test site exhibited a greater increase in SOD levels compared to the control site. Conclusion The adjunctive application of melatonin gel with SRP demonstrated enhanced antioxidant potential and improved clinical outcomes in patients with stage II periodontitis. Trial registration trial registry ISRCTN. Trial registration number ISRCTN40460432. Date of Registration: 22/10/2024. “Retrospectively registered”.

In this paper, we examine the importance of glutathione in symbiosis, using a glutathione biosynthetic gshB mutant derived from Rhizobium tropici CIAT899, a common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) endosymbiont. Plants infected with the mutant strain presented a delayed nodulation phenotype and a reduction in the dry weight of aerial part of plants, suggesting diminished nitrogen-fixation activity. In addition, bacterial gshB expression was assayed in wild-type infected nodules, during the different steps of nodulation, and found to increase in mature and early senescent nodules. Conspicuously, nodules induced by gshB mutant bacteria presented an early senescent pattern, which was associated with increased levels of superoxide accumulation. These results provide a direct evidence of the role of bacterial glutathione in protecting nodules from reactive oxygen species, which may determine nodule senescence.

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to illustrate a novel method for improving presbyopia by drinking cassiae tea. Materials and Methods: A total of 425 eyes from 425 participants (aged 52.5 ± 9.5 years) were recruited and divided into several experimental groups over a 6-month period. Participants consumed cassiae tea daily (10 g of cassiae semen brewed in 500 cc of water). Meanwhile, control group participants consumed 500 cc of plain water along with 1000 mg of vitamin C each day. Experiments 1 and 2: Participants with severe dry eye and intraocular pressure (IOP) > 30 mmHg were enrolled, and outcomes were assessed for these conditions, respectively. Experiments 3, 4, and 7: These experiments evaluated pupil size, near vision, and serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels in two groups of volunteers. Experiment 5: Different quantities of cassiae tea were prescribed to various groups, and near vision was measured. Experiment 6: Three questionnaires assessed presbyopic symptoms after cassiae tea consumption. Experiment 8: The antioxidant activity of cassiae tea compared with other bioactive compounds and Chinese herbs was evaluated using the DPPH test. Results: By the fourth month of the study, participants experienced increased tear volume and reduced IOP. Pupil size constricted, near vision improved, and serum SOD levels increased. Furthermore, greater consumption of cassiae tea was correlated with better near vision. The antioxidant activity of cassiae tea was found to surpass that of anthocyanins, wolfberry, and vitamin C. Conclusions: Drinking cassiae tea improves dry eye symptoms, reduces IOP, regulates pupil size, and enhances near vision due to its excellent antioxidant and pharmacological properties. These benefits may particularly aid individuals with presbyopia and those engaged in near-distance activities, such as smartphone use.

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) is an excellent choice for detecting free radicals in biological samples. Biologically relevant radicals are extremely short-lived and cannot be detected directly, emphasizing the need for an appropriate compound to generate stable adducts that can be measured by EPR. Spin trapping with nitrone compounds like 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) is a method commonly employed for detecting free radicals. However, due to the instability of nitrone radical adducts, using the cell-permeable 1-hydroxy-3-methoxycarbonyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl pyrrolidine (CMH) appears to be a more effective approach within biological tissues. Here, we compare the use of DMPO and CMH to detect the most abundant reactive oxygen species radical, superoxide ( O 2 ⋅ - ), in zebrafish and present an optimized protocol for performing EPR with a CMH spin probe in both zebrafish hearts and larvae. Together, our data suggest that EPR using the CMH probe is a reliable method to detect O 2 ⋅ - in zebrafish pathologies linked to oxidative stress, such as cardiovascular diseases.

Organic Fenton-like catalysis has been recently developed for water purification, but redox-active compounds have to be ex situ added as oxidant activators, causing secondary pollution problem. Electrochemical oxidation is widely used for pollutant degradation, but suffers from severe electrode fouling caused by high-resistance polymeric intermediates. Herein, we develop an in situ organic Fenton-like catalysis by using the redox-active polymeric intermediates, e.g., benzoquinone, hydroquinone, and quinhydrone, generated in electrochemical pollutant oxidation as H₂O₂ activators. By taking phenol as a target pollutant, we demonstrate that the in situ organic Fenton-like catalysis not only improves pollutant degradation, but also refreshes working electrode with a better catalytic stability. Both ¹O₂ nonradical and ·OH radical are generated in the anodic phenol conversion in the in situ organic Fenton-like catalysis. Our findings might provide a new opportunity to develop a simple, efficient, and cost-effective strategy for electrochemical water purification.

Abstract The intracellular superoxide level is a clue to clarification of the regulatory mechanism for mycotoxin production in Fusarium graminearum. In this study, we focused on two manganese superoxide dismutases (SODs) of the fungus, FgSOD2 and FgSOD3, to investigate the relationship of the superoxide level to trichothecene production. Recombinant FgSOD2 and FgSOD3 showed SOD activity, and they were localized mainly in the mitochondria and cytoplasm, respectively. Trichothecene production and mRNA levels of Tri5 and Tri6, which encode a trichothecene biosynthetic enzyme and a key regulator of trichothecene production, respectively, were greatly reduced in gene-deletion mutants of FgSod2 and FgSod3 (ΔFgSod2 and ΔFgSod3). Significant increases in the cytosolic and mitochondrial superoxide levels were observed in ΔFgSod2 and ΔFgSod3, respectively. These results suggested that the cellular superoxide level affects trichothecene production in F. graminearum. This study describes the impact of deletion of manganese superoxide dismutase genes on mitochondrial and cytosolic superoxide levels and trichothecene production in Fusarium graminearum.

A sensor is described for determination of superoxide anion (O 2 ˙ − ). The electrode consists of nitrogen-doped cotton carbon fiber (NCFs) modified with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) which have excellent catalytic capability. The resulting sensor, best operated at working potentials around −0.5 V (vs. SCE), can detect O 2 ˙ − over an extraordinarily wide range that covers 10 orders of magnitude, and the detection limit is 2.32 ± 0.07 fM. The electrode enables the release of O 2 ˙ − from living cells under normal or under oxidative stress conditions to be determined. The ability to scavenge the superoxide anions of antioxidants was also investigated. In the authors’ perception, the method represents a viable tool for studying diseases related to oxidative stress. Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of the construction of an electrochemical sensor based on Nitrogen-doped cotton carbon fiber and silver nanoparticles. It can be used for the direct detection of superoxide anions released from Glioma cells (U87) under normal or under oxidative stress conditions.